Electrotherapy and Osteoarthritis Essay

Osteoarthritis has been described and defined as a condition involving the human bones that is caused by the breakdown of the joints, leading to the loss of cartilage, or what is known as the ‘cushion’ between the bone and the joint, in the affected joint or joints. Osteoarthritis is known to affect more than twenty million people every year in the United States of America alone. This degenerative disease affects persons aged above forty five, and it is found in both sexes, and it does not distinguish between races and colors and ethnicities. The hands, the feet, the spine and the large joints of the body fall prey to this debilitating disease, and until today, research has not been able to reveal the specific cause of osteoarthritis, although it is true that it can be directly attributed to the impact of ageing. Injuries in a joint, ageing and being overweight can also lead to the onset of osteoarthritis. The pain in osteoarthritis is caused due to the rubbing of the bones together after the cartilage that cushions them has been worn out. Some of the prescribed therapies to deal with the disease are exercise, stringent weight control, resting of the painful joints, pain relief medication, electrotherapy, and alternative therapies, and if the pain is excruciating, surgery. Electrotherapy is today one of the most accepted and used skills of physiotherapists, although it is by no means new. The use of heat, cold and electrical stimulation have been in use for a long time now, but the inherent problem is that the benefits and the advantages or disadvantages if any have not been analyzed or accounted for, and this means that the method is not as widely used as it can be. However, it remains a fact that electricity has been used by medical practitioners for hundreds of years now, and it is now one of the most common treatment approaches, giving new hope to millions of sufferers across the globe. (Kitchen, Sheila 2002) Take for example this table demonstrating the improvement in the management of pain in osteoarthritis using electrotherapy. Recent research has been able to prove that electricity would be able to bring immediate relief for both acute as well as chronic pain, and it must be remembered that in the case of osteoarthritis, the pain can be both acute and chronic. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of electrotherapy is not known yet, although it is true that the method can block the transmission of pain signals across the nerves, and can also cause the release of endorphins, or the natural painkillers that are created by the body to combat pain. There can be several different types of electrotherapy methods, and some of them are: TENS, or ‘transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation’, inferential current, and galvanic stimulation. One must note that all the three methods use electrotherapy to stimulate nerves and muscles, through the adhesive pads that are applied on the skin. Electrotherapy must never be used over malignancies, open infections, over pacemaker leads, and over the throat, because it may cause lowered blood pressure, and over a pregnant uterus, as it may affect the fetus. In the year 2004, a randomized double blind pilot study on the impact of electrotherapy on about sixty four osteoarthritis patients suffering from moderate to severe pain in their various joints was conducted. The aim was to study whether the therapy would be useful in alleviating the pain for these patients, and it was found that it would definitely be able to provide temporary relief from severe and intolerable pain. At the present time, stated the researchers who were involved in the experiment, pain relief for osteoarthritis is predominantly medication, and this approach could bring better relief. In the study, the approach was to apply micro to milliamp current to certain specific areas of the patient’s head. This would result in the release of endogenous opioids from the various pain management areas located within the human brain. For a period of two weeks prior to and tow weeks after the study, the subject pain was self assessed using the ‘value scale’, and none of the physicians, patients and the device operators were let in on which device was real and which, false, and the data thus collected revealed the interesting fact that electrotherapy was indeed beneficial in bringing down the pain of the patients of osteoarthritis. According to the Australian Physiotherapy Association, there is sufficient evidence available to prove that physiotherapy management of the knee joints is a very good idea, and that there is a lack of evidence to prove that electrotherapy, specifically shortwave diathermy, including ultrasound, microwave and shortwave may be useful in managing the pain. It may however be true that a recent Cochrane review was able to prove conclusively that TENS or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation may be quite effective in controlling pain in these patients. However, better designed studies have to be made before it can be stated that TENS can be used to treat pain for osteoarthritis sufferers. (Bennell K, Hinman R, Crossley K 2001) It is important that the treatment plan must be made with the complete cooperation and consultation with the patient. The treatment goals would depend on the timescale of the treatment that he or she is undergoing for his osteoarthritis, the patient profile, and the affected joints. This would ensure that the patient achieves the maximum benefits of the treatment, so that he may be able to continue living a healthy and active life. Although research has shown that electrotherapy methods like laser therapy and ultrasound do not bring in any significant levels of improvement in the long term for the pain, they do bring in immediate relief from the pain. (EMHM Vogels, HJM Hendrick et al 2003) This cannot be taken to mean that electrotherapy does not bring relief for patients of osteoarthritis; it has been found that low power laser therapy has brought great relief for the pain of sufferers of osteoarthritis in Russia and in Eastern Europe. A study showed that electrotherapy brought relief for pain, mobility, tenderness and functioning in these patients, with relatively little adverse effects. In all probability, the mechanisms treated successfully using laser electrotherapy included peripheral nerve stimulation, resolution of inflammation, enhanced chondrocyte proliferation and increased matrix synthesis. (Ghassemi, M, Marks R 1999) There can be no doubt that the studies conducted so far are by no means conclusive, and the issue of handling the joint pains of those suffering from osteoarthritis with electrotherapy must be analyzed and studies further to bring in real statistics and real results. Perhaps, very soon, there may be available some sort of revolutionary treatment for the management of pain, which these patients would be able to use without fear of side effects or other complications, so that they may be able to continue to live an active and healthy lifestyle.

Graded Assignments Essay

You will learn how to match common risks or threats within the seven domains of a typical IT infrastructure with solutions and preventative actions. Assignment Requirements This is a matching activity. You will receive the Match Risks/Threats to Solutions worksheet, which contains a numbered list of common risks and threats found in a typical IT infrastructure. You must enter the letter for the correct solution or preventative action in the blank to the right of each risk or threat. Instructions: You are presented with a list of some risks and threats associated with the seven domains of a typical IT infrastructure. Below the list, the solutions or preventive actions to manage those risks and threats are listed. Write the letter of the correct solution or preventative action in the blank to the right of each risk or threat. Risks or threats: 1. Violation of a security policy by a user c ________ 2. Disgruntled employee sabotage i ________ 3. Download of non-business videos using the a ________ Internet to an employer-owned computer 4. Malware infection of a user’s laptop l ________ 5. Unauthorized physical access to the LAN n ________ 6. LAN server operating system vulnerabilities f ________ 7. Download of unknown file types from unknown sources by local users b ________ 8. Errors and weaknesses of network router, firewall, and network h ________ appliance configuration file m ________ 9. WAN eavesdropping 10. WAN Denial of Service (DoS) or Distributed Denial of d ________ Service (DDoS) attacks 11. Confidential data compromised remotely k ________ 12. Mobile worker token stolen g ________ 13. Corrupt or lost data e ________ 14. Downtime of customer database j ________  © ITT Educational Services, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -2- 02/12/2012 NT2580 Introduction to Information Security STUDENT COPY: Graded Assignment Requirements Solutions or preventative actions: A. Enable content filtering and antivirus scanning at the entry and exit points of the Internet. Enable workstation auto-scans and auto-quarantine  for unknown file types. B. Apply file transfer monitoring, scanning, and alarming for unknown file types and sources. C. Place employee on probation, review acceptable use policy (AUP) and employee manual, and discuss status during performance reviews. D. Apply filters on exterior Internet Protocol (IP) stateful firewalls and IP router WAN interfaces. E. Implement daily data backups and off-site data storage for monthly data archiving. Define data recovery procedures based on defined Recovery Time Objectives (RTOs). F. Define vulnerability window policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines. Conduct LAN domain vulnerability assessments. G. Apply real-time lockout procedures. H. Define a strict zero-day vulnerability window definition. Update devices with security fixes and software patches right away. I. Track and monitor abnormal employee behavior, erratic job performance, and use of IT infrastructure during off-hours. Begin IT access control lockout procedures based on AUP monitoring and compliance. J. Develop a disaster recovery plan (DRP) specific to the recovery of mission-critical applications and data to maintain operations. K. Encrypt all confidential data in the database or hard drive. L. Use workstation antivirus and malicious code policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines. Enable an automated antivirus protection solution that scans and updates individual workstations with proper protection. M. Use encryption and virtual private network (VPN) tunneling for secure IP communications. N. Make sure wiring closets, data centers, and computer rooms are secure. Provide no access without proper credentials. Assignment Requirements You are a networking intern at Richman Investments, a mid-level financial investment and consulting firm. Your supervisor has asked you to draft a brief report that describes the â€Å"Internal Use Only† data classification standard of Richman Investments. Write this report addressing which IT infrastructure domains are affected by the standard and how they are affected. In your report, mention at least three IT infrastructure domains affected by the â€Å"Internal Use Only† data classification standard. Your report will become part of an executive summary to senior management. User Domain is where only one user will have access to it. This can be configured to internal use only. By default, the IT department tries to maintain a certain level of Security for this, so that nobody can access  from the outside, only the IT Department can grant access privilege for Remote Access Point. The User Domain will enforce an acceptable use policy (AUP) to define what each user can and cannot do with any company data that he or she has access to. Also, every user on the company is responsible for the security of the environment. Workstation Domain is where all the users work. Before a user can log into the machine, he/she will need to be verified in order to gain access. At Richman Investments, we provide very secure access for the employee workstations with a username and password. A security protocol requires the password to be changed every 30 days. All computers maintain regular updates and continuous antivirus protection for monitoring. Additionally, no personal devices are allowed on the network. The Local Area Network (LAN) Domain is a group of computers all connected to a single LAN domain. The LAN Domain is a collection of computers connected to one another or to a common medium. All LAN domains include data closets, physical elements of the LAN, as well as logical elements as designated by authorized personnel. It requires strong security and access controls. This domain can access company-wide systems, applications, and data from anywhere within the LAN. The LAN support group is in charge maintaining and securing this domain. The biggest threat to the LAN domain is Un-authorized access to anything (the LAN, the systems, & the data) on the network. One thing we can do is requiring strict security protocols for this domain, such as disabling all external access ports for the workstation. This would prevent any user within the company from bringing an external jump drive, and connecting it to the workstations. This way, we can control company intellectual property, and prevent viruses on the LAN network.

E-Marketplace Business to Business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

E-Marketplace Business to Business - Coursework Example For Volkswagen, the company reduces its marketing costs. In addition, it manages to incorporate the resources of suppliers in the improvement of the product. This gradually leads to the company gaining competitive advantage in the global markets. 3. The relation between the suppliers and the company makes it a vertical e-market place. The horizontal structure occurs through the suppliers, Volkswagen, and the suppliers of the MRO materials. The company needs to combine the e-marketplaces to minimize the bureaucracy involved in the supply of the materials. The creation of two distinct e marketplaces could increase the costs of maintenance incurred by the company. 4. The iPAD tracks business events and sends information back to the purchasing agents. It attaches relevant information about suppliers that aid the purchasing agents in the determination of potential suppliers. Such information is completed by iPAD electronically. The iPAD could provide business intelligence on low cost tools for operating an e marketplace. Moreover is could provide reports on viable sources of information for an efficient decision making process. 5. IPad provides relevant information to the purchasing agent. This includes the identification of potential suppliers in addition to the inventory they supply and at the stated cost. The steps involved are firstly, the presentation of a business event. Secondly, the process involves the provision of information relating to the events to the purchasing agents. Finally, it involves the sending of the information to the purchasing agents

Professional Development- Reflective Statement Essay

Professional Development- Reflective Statement - Essay Example tand the complex range of knowledge, skills and understanding they have and to develop and use the intellectual and emotional power within themselves to try and improve their situation†(Ghaye and Ghaye 1998). A few years ago, I had absolutely no experience when it came to the topic of childcare. Hence my previous reluctance to delve headlong into the studies pertaining to it. But over the years, situations developed that allowed me to put what I had been learning in class into practice. would never have developed the skills necessary to complete my class requirements. Eventually, I was thrust into the middle of working with children in 3 different setting which motivated me to further challenge myself to learn more about child care. The decision about what my college degree would be was now clear to myself and my family. Although I was anxious about my classes and had some jiiters about enrolling, my family members did their best to allay my fears and encourage me to succeed. Rmeinding me that I had to challenge myself in order to become the best person that I could be and ensure that I would eventually achieve all my dreams and ambitions. However, their encouragement and pep talks were being outweighted at every turn by my fear of making the wrong career decision. I needed to be reassured about my degree choice so I began to research the job market for my course. Little did I know that I was not helping myself by doing that.As Dwyer and Wynn argued; ‘Young adults are often disappointed when they do eventually enter the labour market, and experience uncertainties previously associated with the end of compulsory schooling.’ (p.334) I began to wonder if I would be wasting my time by further pursuing my degree. Afterall, I may still have made the wrong career decision and end-up with a useless degree. As usual, my family was there to support me during my time of doubt. I was reminded that the course that I decided upon was more of a calling than a lucrative

Same as the last time Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Same as the last time - Research Paper Example The city of Seoul in southern Korea is therefore no exception and experiences one of the most radical extents of polarization evident in its pattern of habitation and the people’s way of life in the city. The disparity between the two regions: Gangnam and Gangbuk dates back as early as the 17 BC when the region around Pungnap became the administrative capital of the Joseon dynasty. Pungnap is located in a region believed to be in the Gangnam side of the city. It is not clear the exact location of the region but the royal dynasty that ruled the early Korea resides in this region owing to its favorable climatic condition and the forested neighborhood it therefore provided. This implies that the region has for a long time had the ambient of wealth, which thereby influenced its distinctive architecture and settlement pattern. The subsequent occupants of the city followed the settlement pattern, which secluded the Pungnap region alienating it for the royalties while the rest of the subjects settled in other parts of the city notable on the eastern side of the river Han currently the Gangbuk region. The special city of Seoul is the capital city of South Korea and arguably the largest modern day metropolis in the entire Korea. It is home to approximately fifty million people most of whom are South Korean nationals but also provides residence to more than ten million international business people (O'Loughlin 33). The city has an elaborate design, one that considers and showcases the economic growth of the country and its interesting history. The architecture of most skyscrapers in the city embodies the modernism in design and comfort but also imbed the rich cultural history of the South Korean people. The wide clean highways, the artistically tall building structures, and the every glaring subway stations among other interesting features such as Seoul’s nightlife all act as a unifying feature to the diverse people of the city. However, behind the glamor a nd the beauty, the truth of the city lies in a more analytical scrutiny of the residences’ way of life. It is conspicuous that the city has two extreme ends that find their way in virtually every aspect of life of the people in the city including the city design and its initial planning. River Han divides the city into two and the kind of life on each side of the river is distinct of Seoul economic stratification. Liberal markets have effective yet relatively concealed mechanisms of discrimination. While everywhere is accessible and every product available in the market, the price tag on the commodities and services in the market always ensure that the rich rarely interacted with the poor. Additionally, it provides for an effective mechanism of keeping the rich to their own society and possibly denying the poor access to such societies. Seoul is one such city. Being an industrial country, the South Korean economy grows very fast with international businesses giving rise to ex tremely wealthy businesspersons and business empires. The wealth disparity and economic imbalance influence the design since the city has to include all its residences despite their financial positioning. This has resulted in the birth of two residential regions namely the Gangnam and the Gangbuk. Gangnam resides the rich who therefore live more flamboyant lifestyles, a feature that influences the landscape of the Gangnam region on one side of River Hang.

Why was Caesar assassinated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why was Caesar assassinated - Essay Example Rome was ruled by a triumvirate consisting of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. However, with the death of Crassus, a conflict raised between Pompey and Caesar. Caesar whose continuous growth in power resulted in the conflict as Pompey saw Caesar as a threat to himself. In January of 49 BC Caesar crossed the Rubican River in Northern Italy while Pompey fled to Greece and within 3 months Caesar managed to control the entire Italian peninsula. Caesar then followed Pompey to Greece and then Egypt where he was presented with the head of Pompey as a gift (â€Å"The Assassination of Julius Caesar, 2004). Caesar thus became the sole ruler of the entire Roman Empire. In spite of support from common man Caesar’s growing ambitions and his growth in power were seen as a threat by many especially by the aristocrats and the members of his own senate decided that he had to be stopped. As Caesar continued to become powerful he declared himself dictator in February 44 BC (â€Å"The Assass ination of Julius Caesar, 2004). The senate thought that he would annul the senate rendering their position powerless and would become a tyrant with his decision being omnipotent. The fear for loss of power, the jealousy of seeing a colleague becoming more powerful, the annoyance at acceptance of people for Julius’s power and the arrogance of Julius led to his assassination. Caesar had always had been the one to show off his power, his arrogance and his lifestyle were a reflection of that. Suetonius and Dio write of how his gestures showed his arrogance. For instance when a senatorial delegate informed him about the honors that were being bestowed on him he received them while sitting at the temple of Venus Gittrix. Suetonius further mentions that he had no restrain over his thoughts and that showed when he spoke.(suetonius) "The republic is nothing but a name, without substance or reality. Sulla was stupid to abdicate the dictatorship. Men ought to consider what is becoming when they talk with me, and lookupon what I say as a law."(suetonius) Such arrogance created a negative image of Caesar and his conspirators believed that it was his power that had corrupted him and the only solution they thought was best for the situation was to assassinate Caesar. In spite of his arrogance common people supported him. They cheered him; they called him rex, Latin for king. They already thought of him as their king, their leader. During the crowning ceremony, when he was offered crown, he refused to accept it. People cheered him even then, they thought of this refusal to accept crown as his refusal to accept power. His conspirators on the other hand thought of this as a tactic to gather popular support and considered it as his arrogance and disregard for the general rules laid by senate. The senators who feared Caesar the most included Cassius, Decius, Cicero, Casca and others. However, their fear and hatred never gathered a concrete decision till Cassius realized t hat Brutus feared and disliked Caesar just as much as they did. It was with Brutus that the conspiracy materialized and led to the assassination of Caesar. Cassius was Brutus’s brother in law and they are considered the main conspirators. Cassius knew that Brutus was popular among common people and hence his involvement in the conspiracy was critical. The reason that he confirmed his involvement on various occasions. â€Å"Cassius, gripping Brutus tightly, asked him, â€Å"What will we do in the senate house if Caesar’

Tobacco growth Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tobacco growth - Lab Report Example The study recommends growth of Burley tobacco in artificial soil. Research questions The study sought to investigate the following research questions. Does the soil type affect germination of plants? Does the soil type affect the growth of plants? Hypotheses In order to answer the research questions, the research explored the following sets of hypotheses, Ha1:  µA=  µP=  µO; there is no significant different on the effect of type of soil on germination of tobacco. (Where  µA,  µP, and  µO are the mean percentage of germinated seeds for artificial, plain, and organic soils respectively) Ho1: Any of the  µA,  µP, or  µO is different; there is a significant difference in the soil’s effects on the ability of tobacco to germinate. Ha2:  µA=  µP=  µO; There is no significant difference on the effects of type of soil on the tobacco’s grow. (Where  µA,  µP, and  µO are the mean length of the plants for artificial, plain, and organic soils respectiv ely) Ho2: Any of the  µA,  µP, or  µO is different; there is significant differences in the soil’s effects on the ability of tobacco grow. Materials and methods Materials The following materials were used in the experiments; Burley tobacco seeds, 15 small growers’ pots, labeling stickers, three different types of soil (artificial, plain and organic), light spray, tweezers, spatula, water, and zip-ock-bags. Design The research applied a complete randomized design in its experimental set up. The design involves separate blocks for experiments and each block has the same number of treatment. The design was selected for its advantages that would facilitate exploration of the research questions and the research hypotheses. One of its advantages is its level of precision that also eliminates error because of existence of control. It also offers more information as compared to other designs because treatments across all blocks can be paired during analysis. The design i s also simple to implement and is flexible. It is however suitable for blocks with relatively small sizes (Montgometry and Runger, 2010). Research procedure The research process involved acquisition of 15 small grower’s pots that were labeled with the group’s identification number. The pots were organized for three treatments and each treatment had five replicates that were achieved in five different pots and were each labeled. Each of the pots was filled to 1 inch below the top with the appropriate soil. Using a light spray from the hose, the soil was saturated, evenly, so that it settled. One more inch of soil was then added to the saturated soil from the top and watered. The process was repeated until the potting mix no longer settled. Tweezers was then used to disperse 10 tobacco seeds into a small beaker before the 10 seeds were evenly and randomly distributed across the surface of each pot. Care was taken to get exactly 10 seeds into each pot. Each pot was then s lowly dipped into a pan of water until saturation was achieved. â€Å"Watering from the bottom† technique was used, throughout the study, to achieve this. The pots were then sealed in their own labeled Zip-Lock bag and placed, randomly, under grow lights as directed. Once a week, we went down as a group to count how many plants had germinated and watered our plants. We placed a toothpick next to each sprout to mark its location for analytics purposes in case germinated seeds dried up. At the end of the study, we determined the percentage germination and

Organic electronic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organic electronic - Essay Example Traditional electronics, involving the use of inorganic conductors, including copper and silicon, presents a use of materials that are heavier and more expensive than conductive polymers and organic semiconductors include dielectrics, conductors and light emitters that have many and varied applications in the field of electronics (Sun, 2008, Chapter 5) and (Wikipedia, 2010, â€Å"Organic Electronics†). Already, organic electronics based displays using organic light emitting diodes have found their way into car radios, etc., with rapid improvements expected in organic field effect transistors. According to published reports, the market for organic materials will be worth US$ 4.9 billion on 2012, and this will surge to US$15.8 billion in the year 2015 (Allen, 2008, Pp. 6). The previously mentioned author states that new kinds of semiconductor materials, including rubrene, hybrid materials and formulations made of carbon nanotubes will continue to spur the market to grow to US$4.9 billion by the year 2015, with the organic electronic substrate business growing to US$ 6.9 billion. According to NanoMarkets (2007, "Organic Harvest: Opportunities in Organic Electronic Materials"), eighty percent of organic electronic materials will be sold into the RFID, display backplanes and Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) lighting and displays applications. However, according to the previously mentioned report, if organic electronics is to continue on the road to success, it will have to emulate the traditional semiconductor industry and invent an organic version of CMOS with its own sta ble material sets. Thus, firms specialising in materials for electronics and organic electronic materials must offer commercial quantities of n-type semiconductors and organic dielectrics. In addition, the previously mentioned report suggests that for

Analysis of the Book After the Fact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of the Book After the Fact - Essay Example In most cases, interpretation of history depends on the expertise of the historian or the generation for which the history is interpreted. This essay focuses on the chapter on Virginia and it will try to figure out the flaws that the story brings to the surface. In addition, it will give an alternative that the historian could have used in finding the truth. The story tries to explain the historical moment of the Virginia colony in the seventeenth century. It uses the settlement in the area as evidence to support the truth about the state of affairs during that time. The story relies on the written records of Captain John Smith. He was present at the time as well as other written past records to reveal issues of the historical moment. However, this process of obtaining evidence looks over vital aspects of history that could have produced another interpretation of the historical moment. For instance, the historian did not depend on the hardworking nature of the Virginians in interpret ing Captain Smith’s account. Smith’s account focuses on firsthand information rather than a critical analysis of all systems in the society (Davidson, James and Mark 45). Therefore, this approach does not reveal critical details of Virginia but rather the ones that one can see clearly with the naked eyes. Other members of the society who had passed through various political and historical exposures were the best sources of evidence rather than using Captain Smith. These Virginians would have given the historian a wide source and range of information for making informed decisions about the historical moment. The diversity of the Virginians at the time questions the reliability of using firsthand information to make decisions about the history of Virginians. For instance, the Virginians established a new system of labor in the form of slavery, which is among the many aspects of history that are difficult to capture using the eyes (Davidson, James and Mark 75). The histor ian could have used research methods to dig out hidden information about the Virginians.     

Sociological Imagination Essay Example for Free

Sociological Imagination Essay The blackboard website will be unavailable between 7PM to midnight on June 29th for maintenance, so please make sure you upload it before 7 PM. Do not wait till last minute. Late assignments will result point deduction or even a zero essay grade. Format: Please submit an electronic word file named â€Å"your full name essay 1†, such as â€Å"JohnSmithessay1†, through blackboard on time. This essay should be 3-4 pages in total, double spaced, 11 point font. Do not directly copy and paste your assignment on blackboard! Choose to attach your assignment word file. Late assignments are not going to be accepted. The sociological imagination enables individuals to see the intimate relationship between the events of history as they occur in human societies and the events of an individuals or familys biography. wrote C. Wright Mills. In this assignment, you are to write up an Essay explaining the connections between your family biography and historical events over the past 50 years. Choose one family members of yours to focus on, such as your grandparents, you parents, your brothers and sisters, or you. Reflect on his or her life and think about how his/her life trajectory is intertwined with the historical changes in the country that you are from. The purpose of this assignment is to for you to apply the sociological imagination to analyze the profound influence that historical and societal contexts have on lives of individuals. Please make sure that you fulfill the following requirements: Clearly state what the personal events are. Explain how these personal events in your family are related to or affected by some of the historical events you listed. Explain in your own words what the sociological imagination is and whether/how it has helped you to better understand the life experiences of your family members. You can refer to the first assigned reading to answer these questions. Before you start your essay, you can do the following exercise on a piece of paper. Please do not include the time line drawing in your essay! It is just used for you to better conceptualize your essay. Draw a time line that begins in the 1960 and ends at the 2013. Above the line you are to identify in chronological order three significant events and/or transitions in the life of you or your family members (such events or transitions are like births, graduations, marriages, divorces, employment changes, income changes, geographic mobility, employment changes, or other changes you can think of). Next, think about the historical and social contexts underlying this particular individual’s life trajectory. What historical or societal events have affected his/her path or life? What historical or societal factors have influenced the important decisions he/she made in his/her life? Below the line identify in chronological order some of these important historical events. Write down the historical events and the time period it occurred or lasted. Such events in the United States include, are not limited to, World War II, the Cold War, the Korean War, the Civil Rights and Womens movements, the Vietnam War, the recession of the 1980s, and etc. Please do not be limited by the events I list here. You are free to choose some historical events that are less well known (such as the development of colon technology, tea party movement and etc.) but you think are influential in your life or the life of the family member that you chose. After you have decided which family member and life events to focus on, write an essay on the relationships between these personal events and some the important historical events in your country. Please note: I am not asking you to write what you or your family were thinking or doing on the day of 911 or the inauguration day of president Obama. You are supposed to write about how these historical events substantially shaped the life trajectory of the particular individual you chose. Your essay will be graded based on how well you answered each question and the overall quality of your assignment. I strongly recommend you read the grading rubric in the appendix carefully before you start. Please organize your thoughts and arguments, present them in a logical manner and explain them in detail. Please proof read papers for typographical and grammatical errors. Appendix 1: excerpts of other students assignments as example The following are some examples from other students assignments. Please learn from them how to apply the sociological perspective to your own life events but do not be constrained by them. (1) During World War II my family underwent some great changes. My grandmother took a second job, working in the woolen mills making army blankets. My grandfather joined the marines and moved his whole family from Ohio to California It was during this time that my grandparents divorced. Divorces are higher during any period of dramatic economic change. Although Im sure my grandparents blamed themselves, their divorce was a product of the economy and society. The same theory holds true for my parents. When they divorced, they blamed themselves, wondering what each had done wrong, as I did. When I look at what was happening in the economy, the similarities [with my grandparents] are easy to see. The nation- wide divorce rate was up dramatically and the economy was beginning to take a terrible turn for the worse. (2)When people ask me why I enrolled in college a year ago, I usually answered that I enrolled because I wanted to. I realize now that my answer cannot be quite that simple. Because my family doctor believed that the pill was finally proven safe in 1963, I was able to plan my family. In doing so, my son and daughter are nearly raised and I am still young enough to pursue a second career. More than any other factor, though, the womens movement probably was the greatest influence on my decision. The successes of the movement in social equality have given me the necessary courage and confidence to attempt to be more than a mere shadow of my husbands social position. Appendix 2: grading rubric Sociological Understanding (40%) The essay should apply key sociological concepts, ideas, theories learned in class correctly and properly to analyze related topics. Assertions in the essay must be supported by evidence (from texts or from data) that is logically related to the thesis. Coverage (30%) The essay must be clearly based on readings and topics related to the course. Essays that are simple summaries of sources are adequate, but will not get the highest grades. The essay should answer all the required questions in the essay guideline. If you fail to answer any questions, some points will be deducted. However, you should organize the essay in a way that it flows smoothly. Do not just list your answers to each question. Originality (10%) The essay should be original. Originality does not mean that you must be the first to think or write something, but that you take different sources and write about them using your point of view. Originality is entailed in taking your sources and forging them into an essay in your voice. Summarizing sources will be adequate, but not very original. Papers written by you and previously submitted to other courses are not original for this course. Such recycled papers will get a failing grade. Copying directly from internet without citing properly is considered plagiarism and will result in a failing grade. What is plagiarism? Writing Quality (10%) Words and constructions should be chosen with care. Statements should be direct and clear.w The essay should contain no errors of sentence structure, spelling, word choice, or punctuation. If you have difficulty writing or English is your second language you should tell me at the beginning of the semester. Im not a writing teacher, but I will do what I can to help you become a better writer. You should also seek help at the Writing Center. Every paper must have a title and the authors name, either at the top of the first page or on a separate title page. All citations and references must be in ASA, APA or MLA format. The general tone of the essay should be academic and professional. Good writing often sounds like well-organized thoughtful conversation. I do not want you to imitate the turgid academic writing found in some sociology journals. I want you to write with a level of sophistication appropriate for well-educated college students.

History Essay about Apartheid

History Essay about Apartheid Following the stretched history of Europes imperialism, the 1948s National Party election ushered in a novel historical dispensation in the South African social, political as well as economic landscapes. The national party intensified and officialised the apparatus of racial segregation under both the British and the Dutch rule. As noted by Ayittey (1996), the coalition which constituted the national party in addition to other consequent South African governments standardized separatist directive which resulted in the effectual categorization of persons according to races. The organization was planned in a way such that the White minority marginalised the black majority to its management in a deceitful system well-known jointly as apartheid. The existence of the dispensation placed the white minority on a favourable platform than their black majority counterparts. The ruling white minority and who were at the top of the hierarchy in the South African society controlled the social-eco nomic affairs as well as the political arena. Ayietty (1996) took note of the fact that the white acquired all the positions that ensured that they sustained and fully enjoyed the proceeds of the countrys industrialization whilst the black majority lurched in scarcity and estrangement in the margins of a racist and devious regime. In addition, Esler (1996) discovered that while the white minority had full access to a high standard of life similar to that of developed countries, the black majority lingered in the sphere of mediocre education, poverty, in addition to pitiable living standards. This situation in all aspects of life led to the prevalence of low life expectancy among the blacks. South Africa had simply turned into a state that was governed by following the propositions of the whites-only referendum. Subsequently, South Africa split up from other former colonies including the Commonwealth group of British colonies. Apartheid was an ostracized political dogma which was out rightly destined in the whole world, Esler (1996) pointed out that apartheid was set up at a time when the human race had already gone through the impact of imperialism and racial discrimination culminating from the devious slavery system in America as well as the scramble for Africa. The instruments of apartheid led to isolation a nd the divestment South Africa from conventional global doings in political social as well as economic realms. The separatist and racist apartheid legislations ensured that the blacks remained at the margins of the major economic activity. On the other hand, the enacted coterie of pass legislations made it hard for the blacks majority to have access to the income generating opportunities as well as well-paid jobs in the white zones. A statement by Jean (1989) reveals that the apartheid regime made it nearly impossible and difficult for the blacks to be involved in any economic activity. For instance, most women who attempted venturing into commercial beer brewing were often raided by the police and labelled as deviants. (Op.cit) indication to the economic control imposed on women by the apartheid system was the actuality that the existence of women in towns was illegal in the authoritarian assertion of pass laws. In addition, Black men were also barred from making a living in the desirable White Zones A considerable percentage of blacks were employed in the farms owned by the whites where earnings were astonishingly low. Entrance to towns where one could have landed on a lucrative job or even better income earning prospects was closely safeguarded by the racially prejudiced regime through the implementation of stringent pass laws. The pass laws were accompanied by an endorsement in and endorsement out clause. The part was set for use by employers who in return use the clause while condemning or recommending pass holders. Subsequently, the stage administering the economic indulgence constrained the blacks to deprived rural areas identified then as Bantustans. Numerous of these reserves were supposed to be in premeditated poverty by way of prohibiting access to private possessions as part of the invasive feint customized to gag the economic opulence of black South Africans. The condition of the pass laws created for the black South Africans was part of a holistic ruse to influence the capitalist method on cheap labour. The establishment and enactment of Pass laws made it possible for the regime to incarcerate most of the black South Africans to stations where human labour was required the most like in the farms. The circumstances came with substantial law pass linked arrests in urban areas where criminals were ferried to white farms to be used as prison labourers. Verwoerd delineated that controls regarding emigration had to be stiffened to avert manpower from departing the white farming areas and instead turn into loafers in the city. (Hayward Jean 1989) One illuminate societal impact of apartheid in South Africa was its considerable effect on women. Women endured the dual brunt of gender segregation as well as racial discrimination. According to Lowis (1996), the oppression of black women was dissimilar from the type of repression directed at men. Women under apartheid had no rights (Lowis, 1996). The researcher underscores that in the profound hand of apartheid women were not allowed to access education, they had neither rights to own property nor any legal rights. Several black women had found their only financial consolation in mean jobs as either domestic workers or in the farms for meagre wages. The majority of the women had to undergo the depressing reality of horrible poverty which increased the death rate of children who heavily suffered from malnutrition. On the public facade, one main feature of the deceitful system of apartheid was the stratification and classification of people as per their respective races. Legislations such as the Population Registration Act of 1950 were enacted to assist in the categorization of all South African citizens with respect to their race. The major Classifications recognized consisted of the Whites, the Black as well as the coloured. From a different front the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act of 1953 was used to create split public facilities for use by both the blacks and the whites. This was the driving force of the apartheid philosophy which supported the racial differences as the source for nationalist economic social, as well as political policies. Sebastian (1992) highlights that the execution of the apartheid system supposed that South Africa was the first state in the world to legalize racism. In addition, Sebastian (1992) alluded to apartheid as a very repressive system that was intended to be a tool for overbearing the economic lives of all the black individuals as well as their respective physical locality. The writer notes anyone found without an approved job would be relocated off the urban or white zones. This resulted in a scenario where blacks working in urban areas lived as annual immigrants. The black were required to subsist in two different worlds where they may possibly just live with their families in remote rural area on one occasion in a long while and then travel into urban areas for over eleven months to fend for their relatives in the city, in the mines or in the mines. On the worldwide collective dais, the organization of apartheid in South Africa led to the seclusion of South Africa in worldwide sport in the mid 1950s. It should be highlighted that apartheid barred multiracial sport which had the implication that South Africa could not take part in international teams as these teams consisted of numerous races. Demands from associations such as the Non-Racial South African Sport Association put pressure on South Africa. The association made efforts and lobbied the International Committee to put weight on the South African government to influence and rectify its racial sports policies and institutions. The xenophobic antics of the apartheid were propagated and local as well as international pressure groups pushed for more efficient seclusion of South Africa. The apartheid ploy comprised of a coterie of incorporated financial and political procedures harmonized by societal strategies modified to incarcerate the black mainstream to environs of the South Africa culture. The pass regulations ended in a methodical demolition of the family component as well as the whole cultural and societal structure of the black preponderance. The popularity of felony in the slums is strongly linked with adverse state of affairs in which children are brought by principally struggling single parents, especially mothers, dwelling in the slums where the regulative father facet is constantly absent. Mermelstein David (1987) points out that a major aspect that served as a profound blow to the black community was the element of education. The blacks were supplied with a doctored Bantu learning syllabus which simply equipped the black to minister to the consumerist desires of their white masters. The definite form of education prospectus crafted in forged means to maintain blacks at the overhaul of their white masters meant that learning was not compulsory and as essential as was the case for white children. The issue policies in significant subjects for instance science, math and languages made the blacks linger in restricted profession prospects with inability to contend with their white counterparts. The education catastrophe was exasperated by University isolation which was executed in 1959 to capitulate devastating results for the blacks. Mermelstein David (1987) commented that the effects of schooling strategies are far severe than the situation tinted by South Africas school turnout and literacy facts. The researcher declares that the majority of the South Africans supposedly learned are in actuality functionally ignorant from a developed functionality perception whereas scores of those scheduled as attending school create negligible advancementÂÂ  over the years due to stumpy turnout and pass statistics. The doctored apartheid informative strategy not only dented the black societal framework but also damaged the apartheid financial system and fashioned restraining vicinities which were not in cycle with formation of a pulsating autonomous financial system. Mermelstein David (1987) explains that Apartheid teaching guidelines resulted in locating back human resource formation past a distinct generation which consequently fashioned the most essential of all financial limitations on the outlook and prediction of the advancement and growth of the state financial system and independentÂÂ  society in general. Albert Luthuli was the initial leader of black emancipation faction the African National Congress from the year 1925 to 1960. The black association idol was awarded a Nobel Peace reward for the responsibility that he cooperated in combating ethnic brutality in the 1960s. The resistance was fought from assorted angles attributing diverse conquerors at diverse intonations of the fig ht back which terminated in the voting of the ANC into authority in 1994 at the time Nelson Mandela turned out to be the earliest black president of South Africa. The Apartheid system restricted blacks in the echelon of tyranny by endorsing regulations to prohibit the dispute of blacks against the ills of the status quo. The nationwide labour decree for example was propagated to limit blacks and the citizens of colour from objecting the performance of the indigenous labour Act of 1953. In the principle of the Act Suckling, John et al (1988) remarks that the regimes administrators were given the authority to proclaim states of emergency and augment the forms of punishment that the administration were to impose. One such extraordinary state of emergency transpired at Sharpeville where almost 69 blacks died in a brutal spar amid the state military and the black protestors. The apartheid government had numerous grasps on the societal lives of the blacks. Suckling John et al (1988) comments that the rules which explicitly dealt with individual privileges necessitated that couples get country consent prior to living jointly. State establishments would either award or deny the rights of the black couples for feeble explanations frequently found on what the country usually deemed to be surplus blacks. Under the individual decrees families considered as excess were thrown out of the Bantustans and damned to live in places remote from the secured white regions. The societal lives of South Africans were as well exposed to the ruthless Immorality Act of 1950 which believed marriage involving diverse races as unlawful. Moreover, the modification of the Immorality Act in 1957 solicited that even the illustration of plans to create a relationship with somebody of an ethnicity different from yours was prohibited. Under apartheid decree blacks were suppressed from all political doings. The blacks independent rights were seized from them alongside all their civil rights which were forfeited under numerous regulations passed by the state administration. Any political configurations particularly those fashioned with the objective of communicating resistance politics was forbidden through the ratification and execution of the Suppression of Communism Act of 1950. This act offered the basis for onslaught on any sort of political movement despite of whether it was socialist or not. The detached Representation of Voters Act seized the suffrage from the control of the blacks and banned them from partaking in general voting. Sunter Clem (1987) comments that the decrees approved to control political doings were authoritative to a degree that any black who wanted to defy them risked custody demise. Sunter Clem (1987) declares that by 1963 the defence police force had exterminated more than 100 blacks in political altercations. Dozens of thousands were confined to prison many without any trial nor legal representation (Op.cit) The author also remarks that due to the tyrannical and impulsive political indulgence countless blacks died in political remonstrations and conflicts as police force and the armed forces gunned down black campaigners. By expansion The South African Statute Laws gave assertion to the South African argument to imprison any citizen to remote sections or states. The imprisonment sentence involved issues like blacks were forbidden by the country to travel, inscribe, or converse in public. Even more appalling for the blacks those confined had no supremacy to petition against the imposed endorsements. The United Nations classify South Africa as a middle revenue country with a redoubtable contribution of wealth. United Nations furthermore identify SA as a state with well industrialized economic, lawful, communication and transportation segments amid other props of one of Africas financial and political powerhouses. The South African stock trade, the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) is categorized along with the pinnacle twenty in the globe. Ayittey George (2006) clarifies that the generally glowing financial infrastructure from the apartheid government of the post-apartheid black government is innate. The author comments that the financial system leverages a great deal on contemporary infrastructure which chains a proficient allocation of commodities to main hubs right through the Southern African expanse. In 2007, South Africa was categorized as 25th globally in the assessment of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of that year. South Africa is racially varied as apparent through the language strategy which holds 11 official languages. The varied music, dance as well as food from a superfluity of cultures has led to South Africa being one if the major tourist destinations. Society is nevertheless determined by the depressing crime levels which stay on as an evocative indentation to the Southern African powerhouse laden with abundant potentials. Despite having gone through apartheid, South Africa has remained to be an economic thrust in the region and in the whole continent. The present international economic predicament however pressurizes to halt the development that the country has realized in the precedent years. From Dodsons point of view, South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of the people. This thought of equal opportunity as well as fairness was the underpinning in South Africa. Regrettably, with the arrival of the Dutch, South Africa turned into a system known as apartheid. Apartheid was a structure that ensured racial isolation, in addition to providing the whites with the power to rule above all the other races. Despite the fact that the blacks had made trials to stop the whites from gaining power. There came the effects that enclosed every facet of their life together with work, education and property. Despite all the protesting by the blacks, their attempted way out did not reasonably work. Ultimately apartheid ended in the spring of 1994. Apartheid is truly a social injustice since it brought suffering to non-white people as well as depriving them of their God given rights and privileges.