Training employees as a cashier Personal Statement

Training employees as a cashier - Personal Statement Example Furthermore; it will help determine all the benefits and costs of the training process which later allows the management to put cost as a priority during training. This targets individual employees’ performance and uses information from any employee to determine the programme that will be used for training. In this case, the employees revealed some deficiencies of the organization which triggered the fact that training could be of used to meet their performance standards. Data was gathered through questionnaire which showed that each department was to have its own training to cater for the requirements of all the employees of the company. The employees were not satisfied with the training they had received because they felt that all issues were not addressed. Task analysis starts with each employee knowing the requirement of their jobs thus comparing knowledge and skills of all the employees to know the training needs of all the employees. During the training, the job analysis based on the skills and knowledge of all the employees is determined. Employees are told his or her area of specialization and the tasks that are to be performed.Moreover, the conditions for the tasks are to be well stipulated and show the employees when and how the tasks will be performdd.the employees should know the importance of quality performance and not necessarily basing on the quantity of the job (Gupta, 6). This determines the departments that training is needed, and the conditions under which the whole trainining will be held. The HR department and the management should know the future skills needed to improve the performance of the employees. This will help them comply with the affirmative actions, and guidelines. The labor pool should be looked at critically in order for the incorporate all people regardless of gender differences to the workforce. The laws that govern the organization may sometimes dictate the needs of training, but

Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Government - Essay Example ublicans show that they clearly believe in the sanctity of life that should be protected till natural death while the Democrats believe in right to privacy and freedom from government interference and a person can take personal decisions on the rights. On euthanasia, the 2012 Texas Republicans are opposed to it or what they refer to assisted suicide and genocide or the soft killing of the terminally ill or the handicapped while the Democrats do not make any commitment on such matters. From the foregoing agreement, it can be said that the Texas republicans are more concerned with the need to protect the sanctity of the human life and therefore may attract more votes in a debate about life. However, the Texas Democrats oppose any attempt to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act which provides health insurance to most if not all Americans (Texas Democratic Party). The 2012 Texas Republican platform believes that America is a nation founded on Judeo-Christian principles and that all healthcare institutions should inform their staff to be involved in such acts that they believe are ungodly such as abortion and euthanasia. The Democrats on the other end believe that no Texan should be forced to live in religious doctrines in which they do not subscribe to. This clearly shows that the Republicans are very rigid on their religious views as they do not tolerate any other religion as compared to the Democrats who allow for freedom of religious association in line with the provisions of the First Amendment (Texas Democratic Party 12). However, the 2012 platform for the Texas Republicans is very conservative in nature as compared to the liberal Democratic platform that is progressive in its proposals. The Texas Republicans oppose all forms of taxation ad support the repeal of the Sixteenth Amendment that led to the imposition of the national income tax but instead favours a national sales tax that is likely to affect the low and middle-income Americans. It

Examining Crime And Gender Crimes Committed Criminology Essay

Examining Crime And Gender Crimes Committed Criminology Essay Criminology has treated womens role in crime with a large measure of indifference. The intellectual tradition from which criminology derives its conception of these sexes maintains esteem for mens autonomy, intelligence and force of character while disdaining women for their weaknesses of compliance and passivity. Women who conform as pure, obedient daughters, wives and mothers benefit men and society (Feinman, 1994: 16). Those women who dont, that is are non-conforming, may simply be one who questions established beliefs or practices, or one who engages in activities associated with men, or one who commits a crime. These women are doubly damned and doubly deviant (Bottoms, 1996: 1). They are seen as mad not bad (Lloyd, 1995: 36). These behaviors frequently lead to interpretations of being mentally abnormal and unstable. Those doing the defining, by the very act, are never defined as other, but are the norm. As men are the norm, women are deviant. Women are defined in reference to me n (Lloyd, 1995: xvii). In the words of Young (1990), sexual difference is one of the ways in which normal is marked out from deviant (Young, 1990: ix). So why do these differences exist within the criminal justice system and society as a whole? In order to understand why offending and punishment differs between genders it is important to acknowledge and analyses past perceptions, theories and perspectives from predominant sociologists and criminologists of that time towards women in society. Up until the turn of the century, women were primarily perceived as sexual objects and expected to remain within male dominated ideologies such as homemaker, carer and nurturer taking second place after men (Oakley, 1985: 56). Women who strayed from the norm were severely punished, void of any opportunities to explain their actions. Perhaps interventions from Elizabeth Fry in the early nineteenth century campaigning for women to be housed in separate prisons from men and offered rehabilitation could be marked as the starting point for intense studies being conducted into relationships between women and crime. The conception at that time was that women must be protected from, rather than held responsible for their criminal actions. Unfortunately, such intervention only caused coaxing rather than coercion, that is, women became segregated even more as individual members of their community (Bardsley, 1987: 37). Later in the late nineteenth century, Lombroso and Ferrero (1895) wrote a book called, The Female Offender. Their theories were based on atavism. Atavism refers to the belief that all individuals displaying anti-social behaviour were biological throwbacks (Smart, 1978: 32). The born female criminal was perceived to have the criminal qualities of the male plus the worst characteristics of women. According to Lombroso and Ferrero (1895), these included deceitfulness, cunning and spite among others and were not apparent among males. This appeared to indicate that criminal women were genetically more male than female, therefore biologically abnormal. Criminality in men was a common feature of their natural characteristics, whereby women, their biologically-determined nature was antithetical to crime. Female social deviants or criminals who did not act according to pre-defined standards were diagnosed as pathological and requiring treatment, they were to be cured or removed (Lombroso and Ferrero, 1895: 43). Other predominant theorists such as Thomas (1907) and later, Pollack (1961), believed that criminality was a pathology and socially induced rather than biologically inherited. As Thomas (1967) says, the girl as a child does not know she has any particular value until she learns it from others (Thomas, 1967: 68). Pollack (1961) believed, it is the learned behaviour from a very young age that leads girls into a masked character of female criminality, that is, how it was and still is concealed through under-reporting and low detection rates of female offenders. He further states, in our male-dominated culture, women have always been considered strange, secretive and sometimes dangerous (Pollack, 1961: 149). A greater leniency towards women by police and the justice system needs to be addressed especially if a true equality of genders is to be achieved in such a complicated world . Although it may be true that society has changed since the days of Lombroso and Ferrero, past theories appear to remain within much of todays criminal justice system. Women have so many choices of which they didnt before. It would appear naive to assume that women and crime may be explained by any one theory. Any crime for that matter, whether male or female, may not be explained by any one theory. It is an established and non-arguable fact that males and females differ biologically and sociological influences, such as gender-specific role-playing appears to continue within most families. Its a matter of proportion not difference. According to Edwards (1984), the enemy is within every woman, but is not her reproductive biology, rather it is the habit regarding it into which she has been led by centuries of male domination (Edwards, 1984: 91). Many argue, the main culprit for aggression as seen in many men is testosterone. This hormone appears responsible for much of the male crime, even in todays society of increased knowledge on the subject. In contrast, extensive research over the past twenty-five years done on the testosterone/aggression link focusing on prenatal testosterone predisposing boys to be rougher than girls, concluded it was very difficult to show any connection between testosterone and aggressive behaviour (Lloyd, 1995: 26). Cross-cultural studies of ninety-five societies revealed fourty -seven percent of them were free of rape while at least thirty-three societies were free of war and interpersonal violence was extremely rare (Meidzian, 1992: 74). Based on these studies, it may be evident to suggest that sociological factors and environmental influences appear to have greater credibility in explaining criminal behaviour, whether male or female. As most women commit crimes of a lesser violent nature such as shop-lifting, leniency is given to them from law enforcement officers and judges. It is true that many women use their femininity to their advantage which makes it very difficult to argue equal rights for both sexes (Lloyd, 1995: 56). This unequal position of women in society due to social oppression and economic dependency on men and the state, needs to be addressed. Offences by women remain sexualised and pathologised. In most ways, crimes women commit are considered to be final outward manifestations of an inner medical imbalance or social instability. Their punishment appears to be aimed principally at treatment and resocialisation (Edwards, 1984: 216). The victimisation of women in medicine seems to be for her own good or in her best interests. Changing social and economic conditions, environmental influences, cultural traditions and physiological factors must be taken into account when dealing with crime. It has only been over the last thirty to fourty years that women have empowered themselves and fought for equality within all areas of society. After so many centuries of oppression and inequality, these changes can not be expected to happen over night. It is essential that society be well informed in the quest for justice. Creating a framework that is truly equitable requires a proper understanding of life beyond the courtroom door. The world is infused with gender bias and no single explanation exists for human behaviour or passivity or aggression. A complex interplay of cultural and biological factors makes people as individuals. Behaviour may be changed. All have the potential for aggression and compliance. The view that women are other, inferior and unstable because of their hormones and emotions makes it all too eas y to see them, by their very nature, as unstable, irrational, neurotic and MAD. Bardsley, B. (1987) Flowers in Hell: an investigation into women and crime, Pandora Press, London. Bottoms, A. (1996) Sexism and the Female Offender, Gower Publishing, Sydney. Carrington, K. (1993) Offending Girls, Allen and Unwin, Sydney. Edwards, S. (1984) Women on Trial, Manchester University Press, New Hampshire. Feinman, C. (1994) Women ion the Criminal Justice System, Praeger Publishers, Westport. Lloyd, A. (1995) Doubly Deviant, Doubly Damned, Penguin, Sydney. Lombroso, C. and Ferrero, W. (1895) The Female Offender, Fisher Unwin, London. Miedzian, M. (1992) Boys will be boys: Breaking the Link Between Masculinity and Violence, Virago Press, London. Oakley, A. (1985) Gender and Society, Adlershot Gower, London. Pollak, O. (1961( The Criminality of Women, A.S. Barnes, New York. Smart, C. (1978) Women, Crime and Criminology, Routledge London. Thomas, W. (1967) The Unadjusted Girl, Harper and Row, New York. Young, A. (1990) Femininity in Dessent, Routledge, London.

Television and Media Essay - Dangers of Censorship :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Dangers of Censorship Imagine yourself as a journalist today who is frozen and wakes up in the United States 100 years from now. The country has changed quite a bit from what you remember. Technology has definitely advanced, language seems to have evolved a bit, and nothing looks the same, except fashion. Due to a recent trend that brought back the 90's you are strangely up on the recent fashion trends. As you roam the streets, you try to gain a bearing on this advanced country so you pick up a newspaper. You notice something rather peculiar about every article - the only source is the United States Government. As you read further, you notice very little information is given at all, and the details that are given are always in favor of the government. Thinking back to 1999, you remember that high school publications were already censored and college censorship was not far behind. Could that trend have moved all the way to professional journalistic organizations? While this is merely a fictitious projection into the future, it portrays the likely outcome of the precedents that are being set today. If nothing is done, trends in high school and college censorship may lead to total press censorship in the United States, thus violating the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. This would, in turn, exterminate journalism and leave an assorted field of public relations. The First Amendment of the United States Constitution clearly states that "congress shall pass no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances." A journalist, whether he or she is a writer, editor, photographer or artist, believes in this right and has an obligation to use it to inform the public. So, the First Amendment not only protects journalists' rights to free speech, but it also protects the public's right to information. However, the courts have begun to take away these rights. It began with high school publications in 1988. During the case Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier, the U.S. Supreme Court decided against students and gave school officials the ability to censor student publications without violating the First Amendment. High school journalists now have the right to only print what the officials deem appropriate.

Revenue Management Essay

The science and expertise of forecasting immediate consumer demand at the micro-market stage when optimizing cost and accessibility of your goods is called as revenue Management. The implementation of RM philosophy is indefinite, and has the prospective to yield remarkable stages of revenue. Enterprises that have used RM procedures have seen profits rising greatly by 7 percent exclusive of incorporating considerable sum of capital overheads, providing outcome in a revenue growth by 50 percent to 100 percent. The general structure of Revenue Management permits supervisors to more intensely monitor the business activities of consumers, so placing cost and product accessibility regulations to attain considerable revenue growth. While applied in its high-tech means, Revenue Management is a disciplined method which facilitates corporations to employ enormous quantity of consumer information to dynamically predict client activities at the micro-market stage. In all views, the purpose of RM is to trade the perfect goods to the right client at the correct time for the accurate cot, thus getting the most out of revenue from the corporation’s production range. Revenue Management gives importance to increase revenue, not on expenditure minimizing and downscale. It also compels the outcome and recovers the top-line too. Revenue Management is a sole intellectual endeavor to look for revenue prospects which might not be eagerly visible to others. In its most refined structure, RM is a stimulating mixture of promotion and expertise, making use of rocket science mathematics. The secret functioning of Revenue Management gives importance on a corporation on beneficial revenue increase. It facilitate your business recognize customer tradeoffs and attain market power. RM Practical functions On a realistic note, Revenue Management is a micromanagement device which allows corporations to diffuse loads of distinct marketing data into strategic insights; permit them to obtain benefit of the short-term openings of the marketplace. RM is not a PC arrangement, but somewhat an incorporated set of trade procedures which merge public and organizations with the objective of recognizing the market, forecasting consumer activities, and reacting rapidly to make the most of opportunities that at hand themselves. RM is a policy which can be applied effectively at stages without tech, lower tech and advanced-tech. The much significant is to adjust a Revenue Management agenda of suitable range and extent. Whatsoever that is, the initial level in execution a Revenue Management resolution is to assemble as much statistics as feasible regarding customer activities and market conditions. It has to be assembled, accumulated, organized, inspected, and then scrutinized. Then, the implementation of complicated quantitative estimation of procedures requires to be executing to permit you to forecast upcoming consumer behavior. To formulate logic of the confusion and ambiguity, a PC system that reproduces demand elasticity, cost variation for components, demand/cost variations, stock businesses, and aggressive measures have to be executed to support in evaluating possible results of definite marketing and production assessments prior these decision are fulfilled. Nevertheless, generating the model software and having it acknowledged by the corporation as a judgment device is not a simple scheme. It engage varies the business customs, assembling and investigating a unique quantity of information, and demanding well-known marketing and transaction practices, also as management attitudes. Not to refer to bring in estimating programs which can calculate and suggest customer activities? Such methods as various kinds of diverse failure that can form the whole production series from customer demand throughout allocation of the goods by means of routes. The RM device which facilitates you to make judgment on information, not assumption, is recognized as fact-based prediction. It is necessary to forecast customer behavior if you are using methods to develop opportunities in the market. More precise prediction indicates enhanced production assessments, and enhanced trade judgment stand for increasing revenue. A right sales estimation ought to be a forecasting of that will occur independent of what you believe will come about and nearly all, what you feel like to take place. Major expansion has been made in the function of numerical facts study to establish more correct sales predictions of upcoming market pattern. Such trading predictions give a separate, impassive vision of the marketplace. Good-quality sales prediction diminishes the ambiguity about the expectations, and fantastic sales predication exchange this doubts into likelihood. Numbers of management members consider their markets are so volatile and disorganized where vision changes so rapidly that it is difficult to predict what will take place. This is a offensive apology for not desiring to counter the truth of their company and the marketplace. Each executive has to involve himself in few forecasts regarding his or her production to compute logical assessments. These might be depending on either perception or individual interpretation; however they have to reveal some sort of market and manufactured goods evaluation. Human being, for the majority part, are terrible predictors, in respect to both deliberate and accidental preconceptions. Later, the most important human restriction is our incapability to absorb the enormous and rising number of facts concerning our consumers and our markets particularly as they grow to be more parts. Luckily, credit goes to PCs, this restriction can be mainly conquered, making perfect likely sales predictions. There is no reason how dominant the tools, there will at all times be some fault in the sales projection, as customer conduct will never be 100 percent according to our expectation. There will forever be the requirement for people to recognize and understand the statistical evaluations computed by computers to decrease prediction faults. The most important thing for first-class sales predictions is to apply human perception and methodical means, an arrangement of art and science-to identify the best achievable sales anticipation that facilitate the best potential results. Regrettably, lots of corporations regularly reject past sales information. Data regarding the customer actions is a precious business asset which can expose customer activities, the consequences of opponent’s measures, and other significant market data. You must have all type of evidences, for the reason that the exclusion of these factors cannot drive to RM judgment. Revenue Management for a Hotel Revenue management for a hotel is the phenomenon of making use of earlier activities and existing stages of reserving doings to predict demand as perfectly as probable to get the most of revenue (Inge, 1998; Smith, 1999). It rising revenue by using some disciplined strategies which anticipate customer conduct, optimize to obtain goods and cost (Cross, 1997). Companies who have take advantage of RM methods have observe revenues growth by 7 percent and not including others total of expenses in respect of capital, follow-on in a 50 percent to 100 percent raise in revenues (Chase, 1999). Revenue management comprises of two tactical matters: interval management and costing depend on demand (Kimes et al. , 1998). Kimes (2003) explained the hotel business into anticipated -interval and variable-cost level. The hotel business can manage duration and have lot of costs. To attain revenue growth by using revenue management, hotels must make costing further variable and consumers make use of a hotel’s utilities more foreseeable. At the time of climax demand duration in the hotel industry, accommodation happen to accessible just to consumers who are ready to give higher charges, whereas all through lower demand duration, accommodation turn into accessible to everyone and at concessional charges. When demand goes over capability, revenue management suggests that the hotel trade the some degree of ability just to the most gainful mix of consumers. When competence goes beyond demand, though, revenue management advises that the hotel encourage demand for the subtle room stocks which would on other hand remain unsold by giving reduction in prices. When diminishing these costs, hotels have to check consumers who would give higher charges from manipulating concessional charges supplying the RMS with a few regulations (Choi and Mattila, 2004). The coming date in the week is usually a policy applied for hotels. In a hotel industry, consumers who reach at the hotel on such days except weekends are generally business customers, who are keen to give higher costs than those people who just come for relaxation, and they usually reach in weekends and tend to get discounted rates. As a result, proposing price reduction by the time they reach in any day of week makes sure that business traveler cannot get benefits from reducing rates offering to promote hotel business among leisure visitors. The other policy which is generally used is related to span of living in hotel. Visitors who reside at the hotel just on peak days have to pay higher costs of accommodation as compared to those who stay not just on hectic days however also on other days about the peak days. Sometimes, it is good to refuse room demands for only peak days, but acknowledge requests for both peak and week days at reducing charges. This facilitates the hotel to increase profit for the whole period relatively than just for peak demand duration. Costing principle also include reservation date as one of its clause. This principle is a better mean of differentiating among visitors as whether come for relaxation or business purpose. Leisure visitors be likely to reserve their rooms far earlier than their visit, while business visitors reserve the rooms just few days early in advance of visit In order to encourage more visitors of hotels during leisure business for normal weekends, hotels provide reducing and concessional charges of rooms to consumers who book their rooms earlier to their arrival. They restricted the facility of discounts for the business visitor’s close by the day of reaching there. As consequences of using revenue management to the hotel industry, it is currently general for diverse consumers to be asked diverse rates for the similar kind of room at the identical hotel, in relation to duration of stay and days of the week. It is very common for the similar consumers that they paid diverse rates of the same room in identical hotel but for different period of interval. Key to Successful Revenue Management Prediction based on statistical data and optimizations are the tasks of a revenue management procedure which determine it separately from any other industry function. They are the back bone of the marketing division, and with exclusion of prediction about sales and optimization mechanism, the Revenue management practice would only be precious as a huge company data stockroom. Nonetheless, the factual worth of the information is in applying it to forecast consumer activities and concluding what measures to employ to increase revenue. This is what prediction on statistical data and optimization which permits at the micro-market stage. Anticipating customer behavior in a composite market is difficult. Preferably, you must obtain a foreseeing device which uses as much as 100 percent of the industry’s trading history of not less than period of past 12 months. Furthermore, you must include exceptional and past developments into the prediction in respect to persistent behavior. at last, you must alter the projection with regard for natural impacts (or inactions) by the firm which might have acted upon the prior consignment systems, likewise sales advertisings, marketing, and costing approaches. For instance, if your firm launches a latest sales advertisement and the goods sold out, there may have been requirement further than what is appear in the trading information. The demand has to be â€Å"unrestrained† in a sense for what the industry would have obtained if you had a sufficient provision of goods around throughout the sales marketing. Sales prediction is simple, but obtaining good quality prediction is very hard. Additionally, revenue development needs grouping of consumers into the contracted feasible groups to know their uniqueness, as well as buying behavior, observation of the good, and eagerness to pay. All of that compose even more complicated to anticipate with any stage of exactness. Information based prediction recommends what consumer will buy is depend on real data of promotion, not spontaneous presumptions. Optimization recommends what you have to perform about it. Optimization methodology is not any special process rather a mathematical practice which will either increase or decrease a given task. For profitable projects, we want to reduce expenses and rising revenues. Optimization is called as estimating numerous decisions as to whom these goods should be traded. You require bringing into play information study tools to find out the unused revenue prospective of the market for your resultant or service. This includes three fundamental levels: 1. collect data: Use a logical way to interrogate management and gather information on revenue production and organization behaviors. 2. Execute simulation investigation: evaluate all on hand records to expose unseen revenue prospective through the automated ambition of real trading situations and organization procedures. 3. Review price versus advantages: Detail revenue and further advantages versus the prices of various components of RM. Yield Management in the hospitality business Yield management has been broadly studied in kindness text. Several definitions define the link among this management technique and maximization of revenue. ‘Revenue management is the functions of disciplined strategies that foresee customer conduct at the micro-market stage and which optimize accessibility of goods and cost to increase revenue’ (). ‘Yield management is a technique used to raise revenue which intend to enhance net yield with the help of the anticipated distribution of vacant bedroom facility to fixed market divisions at optimum cost’ (). Management of revenues engages organizing consumer demand. Various tactical bars have to be implemented to the degree of enhancing hospitality activities and therefore profits; Costing that depends on demand is also among one of these. (Kimes and Wirtz, 2003). diverse rates are charged to various consumers based on demand; costing biases is experienced to consumers utilizing the similar good simultaneously, diverse product all at once, similar good at dissimilar occasion, or diverse product at diverse interval. Variable costs in keeping the demand stages are the source of profit. A costing that depend on demand allows development of the consumers division; those consumers with a lower affordability to pay, who are probably consumers to take a hotel space, cafe chair, etc. , are allowable to purchase at a low cost contrast with those consumers who can afford much more; raise in consumers resulting an increase in revenues and earnings. Complete information about consumer demand is required for the accomplishment of a yield management plan (Desinano, Minuti and Schiaffella, 2006). This is attained with past information on demand, demand projection, reservation behaviors, termination and not displaying for different market divisions. An essential condition for yields management is Market segmentation which is not basically a concessional scheme, but a technical function of price discrimination associated to diverse customer’s methods of obtaining goods. The assumptions of yield management look as if it takes all the characteristics to generate positive outcome on the declaration of earnings. The structure runs division of stock, cost, span and consumer; the information of consumer’s demand attributes and its management with a systematic set of strategies can signify a significant worth for those corporations who undergo from uneven demand. Economic theory and yield management This segment is based to the monetary assumption on demand, supply and cost on which technical yield management is depended. One key issue in administering a hospitality production is the financial rule of price elasticity of demand; one more is the application of yield management methods (Barlow, 2003). Costing and competence management rules require to be take care of using an efficient technique; costing is a mean used to marketing and altering demand, but to arrive at consumers it is essential to segment, predict and administer demand, as done by the source revenue management. Supply and demand for businesses are associated by cost; fiscal assumptions concerned with hospitality goods indicate that costs affect the demand for that production (Relihan, 1989). The worth of a product is a negotiation among production side and market area; it is based on firms’ price composition, market allocation and contesting circumstance (Fazzini, 2008). Edgar (2000) believes the optimal cost as concerned by two factors: market supposed cost and ability to purchase, and firm marginal expenditures. Standard assumptions of demand set up the characteristics of the association among cost and demand; commonly, if the cost of a production raises, the associated demand decline and vice versa; the linear relationship exit between cost and demand. The rules of the demand curve are the fundamentals of the principles of yield management; decreasing and increasing costs and alteration in demand. Hospitality business is related to a large series of consumers, with dissimilar discrimination towards the cost; this feature indicates elasticity of demand based on costs which evaluate the change in percentage of quantity demanded and the change in percentage of cost. The leisure time part is considered to be more elastic compared to the business one, that is, the alteration in percentage of quantity demanded significantly measure up to with the deviation in cost. Yield management tactics attempt to focus precise markets and form greatly inelastic markets give whole quota. The fiscal principles of supply is depend upon marginal theory of price, that determine the optimal amount of product at the stage where the cost of goods is the same as the marginal price of that good, in that as invention raise, marginal price also raise and cost should also raise simultaneously to attain the aforesaid equal opportunity (Besanko and Braeutigam, 2002); thus the amount of a good delivered is positively proportional to the cost. The supply schedule indicates that a raise in cost resulted to a raise in amount delivered as producers are presented to recommend more creation; the association among supply and cost is reverse to that of demand, so the equilibrium of cost will be the obtain on market sources intersection. (Frank, 2008). The hospitality good is permanent in the short term, thus merging demand and supply is a crucial concern to be administered; on one side firms are likely to increase charger per unit of hospitality, on the other side the state of affairs of oversupply decreases costs in an effort to sell consumable resources. The procedure of costing can be diverse, including all domestic prices and exterior components like opponent and demand, and decides the nature of the business to be positive concerning the constant efficient, societal and surroundings variation.

Philosophy Matrix Essay

|Principal Issues | |Field |Definition | |Schools Of Thought |Key Contributors | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Metaphysics |The study of being: The nature |Plato developed the theory of |Monism |Pythagoras |Metaphysics: Questions about the | | |of being and what |forms and introduced skepticism |Materialism |Parmenides |nature of reality | | |characteristics make up being |about reality. Aristotle coined |Idealism |Heraclitus |Nature of ultimate reality | | | |the word metaphysics. Augustine |Dualism |Zeno |Permanence and Change | | | |reconciled Platonism with | |Empedocles |Appearance and reality | | | |Christianity. Aquinas reconciled| |Anaxagoras |Nature of human reality | | | |Aristotle with Christianity. The| |Plato |Mind-body problems | | | |Scientific Revolution | |Aristotle |Freedom and determinism | | | |Intelligent design versus | |Plotinus | | | | |evolution | |Augustine | | | | | | |Hypatia | | | | | | |Aquinas | | | |. | | |Anselm | | | | | | |Descartes | | | | | | |Hobbes | | | | | | |Hume | | | | | | |Kant | | | | | | |Kierkegaard | | | | | | |Conway | | | | | | |Spinoza | | | | | | |Leibniz | | | | | | |James | | |Moral |The study of ethics: The |Aristotle develops a system of |Ethical skepticism Descriptive |Plato, |What is a moral judgment? | | |nature, criteria, sources, |ethics. Roman influence: |Relativism Egoism Hedonism |Aristotle |What is morally right or wrong? | | |logic, and validity of moral |Epicureanism and stoicism ethics|Epicureanism Stoicism |Epictetus, | | | |value |become Christianized The Age of ||Augustine | | | | |Reason. | |Hildegard, | | | | | | |Hobbes | | | | | | |Hume, | | | | | | |Kant, | | | | | | |Bentham, | | | | | | |Mill | | |Social |The study of society and its |Greek democracy Natural law |Natural Law Contractarian theory|Augustine |How should | | |institutions, including what |becomes Christianized and is |Environmental philosophy |Aquinas |goods be distributed in a | | |would make up an ideal society. |seen as the moral law of God. | |Hobbes |society? | | | |Environmental concerns Social | |Rousseau |Do people have natural rights? | | | |justice | |Smith | | | | | | |Taylor | | | | | | |Mill | | | | | | |Moore | | | | | | |Rawls | | | | | | |Nussbaum | | |Political |The study of the state, its |Greek democracy Plato’s Republic|Democracy Constitutional Theory |Plato |What form of political state is | | |justification, and how to |Social contract Separation of |Classic Liberalism Marxism |Aristotle |best? | | |organize it ethically |power |Anarchism Libertarianism |Machiavelli |Can a government restrict the | | | | |Objectivism |Locke |liberty of its citizens? | | | | | |Hegel | | | | | | |Marx | | | | | | |Nozick | | | | | | |Rand | | |Structuralism |The study of the rules and |Saussure applied |Semiotics |Saussure Levi-Strauss |Study of the deep structure of | | |conventions of the language and|linguistics to epistemology. | | |language | | | |Levi-Strauss applied Saussure’s | | | | | |cultural mythology that govern |methods to cultural | | | | | |large social systems. |mythology. | | | | |Deconstruction |The study of the assumptions |Derrida argued against |Free play of signifiers |Derrida |Seeks to expose assumptions about| | |about language, including the |structuralism. | | |language and multiple meanings | | |certainty, identity, and truth | | | |Literary criticism. | | |of text. | | | | | |Eastern |The study of the philosophical |Vedic culture Travels of |Hinduism: Vedas, Upanishads |Siddhartha Gautama Buddha |Self-realization, Unity of mind | | |traditions of Hinduism, |Confucius and Lao Tzu Spread |Buddhism: Four Noble Truths, | |and | | |Buddhism, |of Buddhism from India to China |Eightfold | |Body, Harmony of man and | | |Confucianism, and Taoism. |& Japan Spread of Islam |Path Taoism Confucianism Islamic| |environment | | | |transcendentalists embrace |philosophy | | | | | |Eastern thought Parliament of | | | | | | |World Religions begins spread of| | | | | | |Eastern thought in | | | | | | |America | | | | |Postcolonial |The synthesis of the |Colonization during the 18th and|Pan-African philosophy |Senghor |Social justice Preservation of | | |disciplines of philosophy with |19th centuries. As countries |African-American thought Latin |Hountondji |oral history and tradition | | |the |gained freedom, their thinkers |American thought |Tutu |Liberation of all peoples. | | |indigenous cultures of Africa, |sought social | |King | | | |the Americas, and Asia. |justice and recognition. | |Hooks | | |Feminism |The study of the philosophical |First wave: Pioneers of feminism|Liberal Feminism Radical |Wollstonecraft |Equal rights | | |canon as reconstructed and | |Feminism Lesbian Feminism |Taylor |Moral theory and | | |revised to be inclusive of |Second wave: Activists from |Socialist Feminism Black |De Beauvoir |gender development issues Sexism | | |women and women’s issues. |1960’s to 1980’s |Feminism Post-feminism |Gilligan |and language. Revisiting other | | | |Third wave: 1990s to present, | |Chodorow |schools of | | | |including younger women for whom| |Irigaray |philosophy from a feminist | | | |feminism is an established | |Kristeva |perspective. | | | |Heritage. | |Cixous | | Directions: Complete the entire matrix and then write a 350- to 500-word response for each of the following questions: †¢ What is one example of how the global integration of cultures has affected contemporary philosophical thinking? A manner of analyzing globalization in historical standpoint has to do with the economic and social account of global affairs, and especially with the history of past stages of speedy boost in global trade, investment, communication, and authority. There have been more than a few such instances over the past centuries that come to mind. Among is the export and investment explosions of the 1860s and the earlier part of the twentieth century are merely a couple of the more remarkable instances. (2000) The history of these early periods, and of the institutions with which they were connected, is of substantial contemporary attention. Nonetheless, international history has to be far more than the history of the affairs involving states in the context of their international relations, or their conflicts, or their invasions and domains. It is in excess of the history of exports and imports among countries. (2002) It is over a comparative history. It have to be a history of affairs involving persons and customs, as well as people who belong to quite a lot of diverse cultures all together or who shift among diverse identities, modes of speech, home nations, and even nationalities. Characteristics of Globalization Globalization, has acquired considerable emotive force. Globalization has its own meaning from different individuals. For some, globalization is a process that is beneficial, i. e. a key to the future world economic development and also inevitable and irreversible. Others regard it with hospitality even fear, believing that it increases inequality within and between nations or organizations, threatens employment and living standards and thwarts social progress. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is a social change, an increase in connections among societies and their elements due to, among others, the explosive evolution of transport and communication technologies. The term is applied to many social, cultural, commercial and economic activities.

Renaissance Artists Intellectual Life essays

Renaissance Artists Intellectual Life essays Before attempting to answer the question it is important to consider what we mean by early Italian Renaissance. Unlike many periods in history the Renaissance has no obvious start and end dates, for the purposes of this assignment I will define the approximate period within which to look as about 1390 to about 1520. 1390 represents the time when the Carrara court in Padua was gaining an intellectual reputation of excellence, as well as this being about the time that two Roman coin like medals were cast of Francesco II and his father. This represents a typically renaissance trait of looking to antiquities for inspiration, as will be discussed later. The time around 1520 represents when Raphael died this was followed closely by the death of Pope Leo X, the second High Renaissance pope. It is after their deaths that the creative and optimistic mood in Italy began to fade. The decade ending 1520 saw Leonardo da Vinci leaving for France and then dieing there in 1519. There are many other examples that could confirm these dates as significant, and also many more that would dispute them, but for the purposes of simplicity we will take these as a guide. In the beginnings of the Renaissance painting was seen very much as a craft performed by members of the artisan class and not a liberal art. In fact the term artist was not used, as it is today, as a general term meaning painter and sculptor. Artista was a term already in use by Dante, but it was used in reference to a University level graduate of the liberal arts, it is not until the beginning of the sixteenth century that it is used in a context resembling today's usage. The lower status of painting at the beginning of the Renaissance is reflected in the fact that members of the aristocracy or learned class did not generally practice it. A member of the Milanese aristocracy, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffios epitaph stressed that although he was ...

Anthropology 101 Research Paper Essay Example

Anthropology 101 Research Paper Essay Example Anthropology 101 Research Paper Essay Anthropology 101 Research Paper Essay Komron Sabbagh Prof. Rowe Anthropology 101 March 25, 2013 Elderly Human â€Å"Y† Chromosome The unearthing and examination of a tremendously infrequent African American â€Å"Y† chromosome goes back in time with regards to the most recent common ancestor for the â€Å"Y† chromosome ancestry to 338,000 years ago. This period exists even older than the age of the most eldest known structurally contemporary human fossils. University of Arizona geneticists have revealed the most ancient known hereditary subdivision of the human â€Å"Y† chromosome the genetic factor which determines the male sex. The new differing pedigree, which was discovered in a male human being who presented his DNA to â€Å"Family Tree DNA†, a company which concentrates on DNA investigation to locate family roots, separated from the â€Å"Y† chromosome tree before the very first presence of physically current individuals in the record of fossils. These effects are printed in the American Journal of Human Genetics. Michael Hammer of the University of Arizona’s department of ecology and evolutionary biology stated that, Our analysis indicates this lineage diverged from previously known Y chromosomes about 338,000 ago, a time when anatomically modern humans had not yet evolved. This pushes back the time the last common Y chromosome ancestor lived by almost 70 percent. Dissimilar to the added human chromosomes, the common â€Å"Y† chromosome doesn’t barter heritable information with other chromosomes; this makes it a lot more straightforward and scientists can truly discover familial associations amid modern ancestries. If two â€Å"Y† chromosomes transmit an identical mutation, it is most likely since they divide a communal forefather at some particular period in the precedent. The further mutations which differ amongst two Y chromosomes, the farther back in history the mutual antecedent existed. Initially, a DNA sample acquired from an African American existing in South Carolina was succumbed to the National Geographic Genographic Project. When none of the hereditary indicators used to dispense ancestries to identified â€Å"Y† chromosome consortiums were found, the DNA sample was guided to â€Å"Family Tree DNA† for organizing. Fernando Mendez, who is a postdoctoral scholar in Hammers laboratory, controlled the attempt to investigate the DNA sequence, which comprised of over 240,000 base pairs of the Y chromosome. Hammer claimed that the most striking feature of this research is that a consumer genetic testing company identified a lineage that didnt fit anywhere on the existing Y chromosome tree, even though the tree had been constructed based on perhaps a half-million individuals or more. Nobody expected to find anything like this. At around 300,000 years ago; this was the period of time in which the Neanderthals are thought to have fragmented from the familial human descent. It was not until more than 100,000 years in the future that functionally recent humans seem to be in the fossil record. They vary from the more antiquated forms by a more frivolously constructed skeleton; this includes a lesser face pushed underneath a tall forehead, the lack of a cranial ridge and slighter chins. Hammer stated that t he recently exposed â€Å"Y† chromosome dissimilarity is tremendously occasional. Through the use of great databank explorations, his group ultimately was capable of discovering a comparable chromosome in the Mbo, which is a populace living in a petite region of western Cameroon in the sub-Saharan part of Africa. This was surprising because previously the most diverged branches of the Y chromosome were found in traditional hunter-gatherer populations such as Pygmies and the click-speaking KhoeSan, who are considered to be the most diverged human populations living today. Instead, the sample matched the Y chromosome DNA of 11 men, who all came from a very small region of western Cameroon, Hammer explains. And the sequences of those individuals are variable, so its not like they all descended from the same grandfather. Hammer restraints against prevalent notions of mitochondrial Eve or Y chromosome Adam which propose that all of humanity was derived from precisely one couple of individuals that lived at a particular point in human biological evolution. There has been too much emphasis on this in the past, Hammer says. It is a misconception that the genealogy of a single genetic region reflects population divergence. Instead, our results suggest that there are pockets of genetically isolated communities that together preserve a great deal of human diversity. Nevertheless, Hammer explains that, It is likely that other divergent lineages will be found, whether in Africa or among African-Americans in the U. S. and that some of these may further increase the age of the Y chromosome ree. He further clarifies: There has been a lot of hype with people trying to trace their Y chromosome to different tribes, but this individual from South Carolina can say he did it. The investigation originated by the mutual labors of a private business, the â€Å"Family Tree DNA,† the struggles of a resident scientist, Bonnie Schrack, and the research proficiencies at the UA. Human Y Chromosome Much Older Than Previously Thought. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 04 Mar. 2013. Web. 26 Mar. 2013.

People vs. Persons

People vs. Persons People vs. Persons People vs. Persons By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between people and persons? The fast-and-loose answer is that people is correct and persons is wrong; the former word has supplanted the latter as the plural form of person. At one time, the distinction between the terms was that people is a mass noun referring to an undetermined number of humans (â€Å"I’ve known a lot of people like that†), while persons is employed when the quantity is known (â€Å"Seven persons were apprehended†). Persons is still appropriate in legal and other formal contexts (â€Å"Authorities are seeking persons of interest†) and when referring to the human body (â€Å"A search was made of their persons†), but in one of those curious cases of illogical semantic shift, it has all but disappeared in general usage. On a related note, some readers are puzzled by peoples, but this is merely the plural form of the collective noun people; â€Å"the peoples of the Arctic region,† for example, refers to multiple distinct ethnic groups: the people of here, the people of there, and the people of the other place: the peoples. People, meanwhile, is occasionally used as a verb synonymous with populate (â€Å"We will soon people the entire planet†); the antonym is unpeople. (Populate and people share etymological origin.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating ConjunctionsAwoken or Awakened?If I Was vs. If I Were

Strategic theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic theory - Research Paper Example It is many people’s beliefs that history has provided strategic thinkers with universal principles for the conduct of war. This essay is going to discuss how history provided military strategic thinkers (Napoleon and Carl von Clausewitz) with universal principles for the conduct of war (Buchan 92). The historically known Principles of War, Sun Tzu documented were influential to strategic thinkers of the Wars. There is a belief that, history provided strategic thinkers such as Napoleon and Carl von Clausewitz with universal principles for the conduct of war (Mahnken 29). There are no approved principals of War, although a number of strategic thinkers have their own principles (Cimbala 26). The War principles, which Carl von Clausewitz identified in his essay â€Å"Principles of War† and thereafter discussed in his book, about war were influential to military thinkers of the North Atlantic region. Military strategy is a set of ideas, which military organizations implement ed to achieve desired strategic goals. Founded from Greek strategies, military strategy during its first appearance in the 18thcentury was termed in its sense as the â€Å"general art† and â€Å"arrangement art† of military troops (Buchan 72). ... definition, which had less emphasis on battles, explaining military strategy as â€Å"the art of applying and distributing military means to achieve and fulfill policy ends (Cimbala 31). Hence, the two strategic thinkers gave the supremacy to aims of politics over military objectives. Military strategy was among the â€Å"arts† and â€Å"sciences† trivium that governed how to conduct warfare, and the rest were tactics, the maneuvering forces, and execution of plans in battle, maintenance, and logistics of an army During the 19th century,. This view prevailed since the time of Roman, and the boundary between tactics and strategy during this century was blurred, and in some times, the categorization of a verdict was a matter of personal opinion. Tactics and strategy are almost related and are on similar range, modern thinking puts the level of operation between strategy and tactics (Cimbala 33). All deal with time, distance, and force although the strategy has large scal e, endures for many years, and is societal. On the other hand, tactics have small scale and engage the disposition of less elements lasting for only few hours or weeks. Historically, people understood strategy as governing the prelude to military battle while, on the other hand, tactics governed its execution. However, during the twentieth century world war, the distinction between battle and maneuver, tactics and strategy, expanded due to the advancement of transit and technology (Cimbala 35). Most people hold the belief that, this military strategy history really provided strategic thinkers such as Napoleon and Clausewitz with universal principals on how to conduct wars. History has a lot of guidance on how to plan and conduct military wars, whereby most of strategy thinkers rely on (Collins 59). For

Terrorism in the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Terrorism in the Middle East - Essay Example The author has also held tenure as visiting professor at New York University and Columbia University. In the author's own words, the " purpose of the book is to shed light on the second effect [of 9/11that of mobilizing the support of Muslims the world over through an example of victory won by violence], by placing these recent events in a historical perspective that covers the unfolding of the Islamic movement over the last twenty five years of the twentieth century" (page 2). The author expands on this theme by suggesting that the terrorist act of September 11, 2001 had at its core the primary aim of engendering solidarity amongst Muslims. It was presumed by the perpetrators, that an attack on the very symbols of US supremacy would surely invite military action resulting in unacceptable civilian casualties in the target country, [in this case Afghanistan], leading to a collective sense of outrage in the Muslim world. The perpetrators of the act hoped, that this would give impetus to the Jihad (Holy War) which was running out of steam. The last quarter of the twentieth century saw the radicalization of Islam in the form of Islamic Political Movements. From the early 1970s, radical factions in various countries revolted against the incumbent regimes and, in some cases, seized power thereby upsetting the prevailing world order leading to regional instability. In the early days, the aim of Jihad was not to wage war against the West, but to establish a global Islamic state, with the Koran as its fountainhead (page 27). During those initial days of the Islamic Political Movement, religious ideology proved to be an excellent binding factor, bringing together people from all walks of life - from students to professionals, urban poor and well settled bourgeoisie under one banner (page 67). However, as Kepel points out, Islamic Fundamentalists do not subscribe to the concept of separation of religion (Church) and political power (State). It is these fundamentalist factions that are propagating Jihad with terrorism as its m anifestation wherever Western nations have in the past dominated on account of their conventional superiority. This trend according to the author has its roots in Afghanistan and the Sudan. After the initial success of Islamic radicals in Iran, Radical Islamic Movements failed to seize political power elsewhere. Even in Afghanistan (post the Soviet withdrawal) and in Sudan, Islamists could not consolidate their gains and the situation in both countries slipped into chaos and anarchy. This failure led to a split. The moderates wanted to develop new concepts of democracy in sync with Muslim ideology. The fundamentalists of the other hand, for whom the Koran itself was unquestionable, gravitated towards large-scale terrorist attacks across the world. What Kepels brings out is that contrary to popular belief, far from being a 'clash of civilizations' [as propounded by Huntington], the targeting of the West is only a tool being used by radical terrorist factions to gain political power over their fellow Muslims. This is a very unique and original hypothesis expounded by the author. In this context the author brings out that the "attack on

Personal Statement for Engineering Course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Statement for Engineering Course - Essay Example It is my belief that anybody who wants to have a future working in the field of electronics needs to be familiar with and a graduate of that particular course. Specially if one is preparing for a career in Electrical Engineering. I can still recall the very first time that I came to understand the importance of Electronics in our lives. I was a child whose inquisitive mind was indulged by my parents. So they did not think anything of it when they caught me disassembling our transistor radio, my dads calculator, or my moms hair dryer. They knew that my fascination for all things electrical drove me to open things up just to see what made it work and how. My interest in electronics turned out to not be a passing childhood fancy. As I matured I found myself getting more and more interested in the background of electronics and how these various, boards, and circuits managed to come together to create a working, fluid, and super charged electrical circuit. So it came as no wonder when I told my parents that I wanted to study college courses that would lead me towards a career in Electrical Engineering when the time came for me to attend college. Although my parents supported my dreams, they both agreed that I would best benefit from strengthening my electronic background and knowledge first. Hence the 2 year Electrical Installation degree. It really did help prepare me better for my goal of attending an electrical engineering course. I have always been a numerical person and my interest in Math came in quite handy in this case. It seems that Math and Electronics make for perfect bedfellows. Its merging in my personality creates the ulti mate Electrical Engineer in the best possible way. With my Electrical Installation degree tucked under my belt, I feel that I am now in a position to further pursue my dreams of becoming an electrical engineer. With my courses in Application

Can the United States Continue to Run Current Account Deficits Essay

Can the United States Continue to Run Current Account Deficits Indefinitely - Essay Example ates like China and Japan have afforded the United States with inflows that have made it possible for the United States to increase its current account deficit. However, analysts are of the opinion that the rising level of United States current account deficit may become unsustainable and risky thus make the large foreign investors consider shifting their investments in the United States loan securities away to other nations. It is also likely that the consequence of the persistent United States foreign debt may be making it a politically weak nation and reliant to large investors like China. According to Carbaugh (2011), the purchase of the United States current account deficit can continue indefinitely because the desire of foreigners for the American loan assets may not stop. The United States has a history of having run current account deficits continuously from 1820 to 1875 (McKinnon, 2001). Its economic growth by then solely remained reliant to foreign debts. Furthermore, the United States saving rate is lower than that of its main trading partners like China and Japan. All these factors make the United States current deficit likely to be persistent indefinitely as long as they remain

Production Management Principles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Production Management Principles - Assignment Example The construction process is to take place in a college that is also near a rural village. The project will therefore have both disruptive and beneficial effects on the community. This section provides the corrective measures and methods that should be put in place, where feasible, to minimize the amount of the resulting disruption. Generally, the company has set construction practices that take into consideration the direct impacts of the construction process and also provides for measures to minimize and if possible eliminate their effects. The Company will seek to provide an assurance to the students, residents and businesses in the nearby village that it intends to work hand in hand with the community, so as to make the construction project as least disruptive as possible. The following are the direct impacts that the constructions of the student bar and student service centre may have on the locality and the measures which the company will undertake to ensure that the disruptions are at a minimum. Impacts arising from noise and vibration Noise and vibrations will arise from the use of heavy machinery during construction. The company will undertake all available measures to ensure that these impacts are minimized. Generally, the company will use the ‘best applicable means, approach to minimize emissions of noise and vibrations. This is where;... he effects of noise vibrations: a) Adding sound absorbing materials or mufflers to noisy equipments b) Citing noisy equipments away from workers, students and residents e.g. in secluded places. c) Building barriers e.g. ply wood with noise absorbing materials around noisy equipment. d) Maintenance of old equipment. 2. Impact on the air quality. These effects will be temporary and will arise from emissions from diesel powered construction machines as well as dust. The measures that the company will undertake to minimize these effects are: a) Use of watering to control air pollution arising from the creation of dust arising from creation of airborne particles. b) Where possible, the company will use electricity to power machinery instead of diesel. 3. Impact on the water quality Measures will be taken to minimize the impact of the construction activities on water bodies. To achieve this, all sediments will be treated before being released to the environment. 4. Impact on traffic During the construction period, traffic in the area may be affected. There may arise instances where roads will be diverted or closed as well as private accesses such as foot paths and water ways. The company will implement all appropriate measures in both the design and construction of the project to ease delays and disruption to users of these roads throughout the project. Maintenance of traffic will be best achieved through planning and scheduling so as to reduce delays. Where appropriate, signs will be used to provide notice to the travelling public about any road closures as well as any other pertinent information. Notices about construction-related activities that may inconvenience the community and road closings will put in advance to enable the public to plan on alternative travel routes

Assignment - Literature Review on Improving Reading Fluency

- Literature Review on Improving Reading Fluency - Assignment Example I tend to think that appreciating and correcting them would be better. There is need for careful teacher observation to student interaction with computer programs so as to integrate more content into the curriculum. Additionally, careful examination should be conducted on computer programs that record the best interaction rates with students. The choice of using computer programs is commendable especially when dealing with young children. In addition, the combination of both qualitative and quantitative data gives the study a sense of professionalism. Wide Reading Fluency Oriented Reading Instruction, repeatedly reading three texts for a period of five days, pre-reading activities for the primary text of the week, developing vocabulary, making predictions about the content of passages, teachers reading sections of texts while the students echo read the same text to provide students with the chance to work with their partners in order to re-read the text again. The use of spelling patterns was quite interesting and helpful to the participants. In the addition, creation of semantics, morphology, orthography, and phonological awareness enables participants be able to decode important figures of speech. The use of spelling patterns was quite interesting and helpful to the participants. In the addition, creation of semantics, morphology, orthography, and phonological awareness enables participants be able to decode important figures of speech. Wide Reading Fluency Oriented Reading Instruction, repeatedly reading three texts for a period of five days, pre-reading activities for the primary text of the week, developing vocabulary, making predictions about the content of passages, teachers reading sections of texts while the students echo read the same text to provide students with the opportunity to work with their partners in order to re-read the text again. There is need for careful teacher observation to student

Production Management Principles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Production Management Principles - Assignment Example The construction process is to take place in a college that is also near a rural village. The project will therefore have both disruptive and beneficial effects on the community. This section provides the corrective measures and methods that should be put in place, where feasible, to minimize the amount of the resulting disruption. Generally, the company has set construction practices that take into consideration the direct impacts of the construction process and also provides for measures to minimize and if possible eliminate their effects. The Company will seek to provide an assurance to the students, residents and businesses in the nearby village that it intends to work hand in hand with the community, so as to make the construction project as least disruptive as possible. The following are the direct impacts that the constructions of the student bar and student service centre may have on the locality and the measures which the company will undertake to ensure that the disruptions are at a minimum. Impacts arising from noise and vibration Noise and vibrations will arise from the use of heavy machinery during construction. The company will undertake all available measures to ensure that these impacts are minimized. Generally, the company will use the ‘best applicable means, approach to minimize emissions of noise and vibrations. This is where;... he effects of noise vibrations: a) Adding sound absorbing materials or mufflers to noisy equipments b) Citing noisy equipments away from workers, students and residents e.g. in secluded places. c) Building barriers e.g. ply wood with noise absorbing materials around noisy equipment. d) Maintenance of old equipment. 2. Impact on the air quality. These effects will be temporary and will arise from emissions from diesel powered construction machines as well as dust. The measures that the company will undertake to minimize these effects are: a) Use of watering to control air pollution arising from the creation of dust arising from creation of airborne particles. b) Where possible, the company will use electricity to power machinery instead of diesel. 3. Impact on the water quality Measures will be taken to minimize the impact of the construction activities on water bodies. To achieve this, all sediments will be treated before being released to the environment. 4. Impact on traffic During the construction period, traffic in the area may be affected. There may arise instances where roads will be diverted or closed as well as private accesses such as foot paths and water ways. The company will implement all appropriate measures in both the design and construction of the project to ease delays and disruption to users of these roads throughout the project. Maintenance of traffic will be best achieved through planning and scheduling so as to reduce delays. Where appropriate, signs will be used to provide notice to the travelling public about any road closures as well as any other pertinent information. Notices about construction-related activities that may inconvenience the community and road closings will put in advance to enable the public to plan on alternative travel routes

Exercise Plan for Football Players Essay Example for Free

Exercise Plan for Football Players Essay Football, being a very energetic sport, means the players should stay fit and healthy. To do this they have a specific exercise plan, this will ensure that the players will not get tired throughout the ninety minute game. In this assignment I am going to devise a possible exercise and fitness plan for this sport. In it I will include, gentle exercise, low level stretch, curl ups for abdominal muscles and mobilising exercises for shoulders and hips. I will include plans for exercises with and without the use of weights. I will add an exercise regime table. I will then evaluate my work. At first the players will have to do a Gentle exercise to warm up. This will help to try and prevent any injuries that may occur, whilst completing the rest of the exercise plan. At first the players will have to stretch their muscles, starting from the top of their bodies. Head and Neck Rotation. * Begin by tilting head back slightly. * Draw chin forwards and level the head. * Keeping head level, return to upright. * Tilt chin forwards, towards the chest. * Ease head backwards, leaving chin downwards * Finish by slowly raising the chin and head back to the upright position. The deep stretch Stand upright with feet hip width apart. Lock fingers together behind back. Gently ease the elbows up and away from the body, until the stretch is felt. Hold this for 20 to 30 seconds. Press-ups Start with your hands flat on the floor, underneath shoulders. Support body on toes, keeping legs straight. Pull in stomach; bend elbows out 90 and lower chest towards the floor. Inhaling at the same time. Press back up to the starting position whilst exhaling. Keep head level. Do not lift it too high as this places a strain on the neck and can result in injury. Repeat this for 2 sets of 10. Latissimus Dorsi Stretch Stand with feet hip width apart pulling in the abdomen muscles. Hold one arm straight over the head, lean sideways from the hip joint, ensuring you keep the hips level. Extend arm until a stretch is felt. Hold for 10 to 20 seconds breathing easily throughout. Repeat this stretch on the other side. Repeat for 2 sets of 10 on each side. Triceps Stretch With abdominal contracted and back straight, place the fingers of one hand in between the shoulder blades. Support this arm by placing the other hand on the elbow. Apply gentle pressure by pushing the elbow down the spine with the supporting hand. Feel the stretch in the back of the arm. Breathe evenly throughout. Hold this for 10 to 20 seconds. Repeat on the other side. Basic Crunch Lie on back with knees up. Feet hip width apart, abdominal sucked in and hands at side of head (Not at Back of head). Exhale, squeeze up raising shoulders a little way off the ground. Hold for a moment then slowly ease down inhaling. For a more advanced stretch, lift legs off the floor whilst raising shoulders. Repeat this for 2 sets of 10. Oblique curl Lie flat on back with knees up, feet hip width apart, keep right shoulder and lower back pressed tightly into the floor. Whilst exhaling contract the abdominal and with left arm reach over to the right knee, until a stretch is felt, in the midsection whilst lifting the left shoulder slightly off the floor. Hold for a moment, then whilst inhaling lower back to floor. For a more advances stretch raise feet off floor and reach for toes. Repeat this for 2 sets of 10. Calf Stretch Standing with feet facing forwards, hip width apart, take a step forward with the right leg, keeping the knee slightly bent. Press the heel of right leg into the floor until the stretch is felt in the rear calf muscle of this leg. Hold this for 20 to 30 seconds, keeping weight centred over the hips, step backwards with the right leg to return to start position. Repeat using the other leg. Squats (Quads, Hamstrings and Gluteals.) Stand with abdominal contracted and feet hip width apart, arms should be stretched in front. Bend at knees lowering the body and inhaling while doing so. Thighs should remain parallel to the floor and head should be kept in line with the spine. Do not lean too far forward as this places stress on the lower back and makes the exercise less effective. Hold momentarily at the bottom position then whilst exhaling return to the starting position. Repeat this 10 times. This completes the warm up exercise. For the aerobic workout, the players should jog for a minimum of thirty minutes. In this jog they should include side stepping and also skipping. After thirty minutes the pace should be reduced to a brisk walk, this should be done for five minutes. Following the brisk walk, the pace should again be reduced to a relaxed walk; this should also be done for five minutes. When the players have completed their aerobic work out a warm down should take place. In the warm down, some stretches that were used in the warm up, should be used again. Warming down is very important. If warming down does not take place, it will make the muscles feel sore and tender. It could also lead to injury. When using weight machines for exercise, you must always check that it is on the correct weight for you. Flat Dumbbell Press (Chest) This exercise can be performed on a flat of inclined bench, keep abdominal contracted and lower back flat onto the bench, take a 5kg dumbbell in each hand and hold tem in a 90 angle to your body. Lift the dumbbells in an arc above the chest until they almost touch. Return to start position. Repeat this 10 times. Seated Row (Back) Take an elastic band and sit on the floor with legs extended in front. Make sure back is straight and abdominal are contracted. Pull elastic with arms until there Is a slight tension in the band. Squeeze elbows slowly backwards increasing the tension in the band. Exhale as you do this. Return to start position, inhaling while doing so. Lateral Pull down (Back) Before starting this exercise; check the weights are at 5kgs and adjust the seat level. Sit with feet flat on the floor. Abdominal contracted and back straight. Lower body is stabilised by the leg pad which rests on your thighs. Use a wide over hand grip, pull down bar, to level with upper chest, exhaling. Squeeze back muscles at bottom position. Slowly return bar to the starting position, inhaling while doing so. Repeat this 10 to 20 times. Timing: 4 seconds up. 4 seconds down. Biceps Curl Take a 3kg Dumbbell, in your right hand, stand with feet, hip width apart and abdominal contracted. Straighten arm holding the dumbbell towards the floor. Squeeze the dumbbell upwards until level with the shoulder, exhaling while doing so. Momentarily squeeze your bicep at top position. In a slow controlled movement lower the arm to starting position. Repeat this 10 times and then swap arms. Leg Press Again check weights are at 5kgs and adjust the seat. Start with the hips and knees at 90 to your trunk with your feet flat on the foot support. Keep lower back and head in contact with the back support and grip the bars. Push your lower body up and away from the foot support slowly breathing out, make sure feet stay flat on the floor support and a stretch should be felt in the whole of the upper leg. Hold this momentarily in the top position before slowly returning to start position, inhaling as you do so. Repeat this 20 times. This completes the warm up exercise for the exercises using weights. For this aerobic Exercise, the players should spend 15 minutes jogging of Hill walking on a treadmill followed by 15 minutes on a cross trainer. After this they should then spend 10 minutes on a rowing machine, gently rowing to ease the pace. When the players have finished their aerobic workout, a warm down should take place. Again in this warm down some stretches from the warm up will be used, this will help prevent muscle soreness or any injuries.

Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) CHAPTER 5 – TREATMENT As we have read previously, clinically isolated syndrome may develop to multiple sclerosis and because there is no way of determining whether an individual will undergo to develop MS after having an episode of demyelination, making the decision to treat and monitor the ongoing changes very difficult. Evidence have suggested that the earlier the start of disease modifying agents in the early course of MS the more effective they are. There are numerous studies have indicated that starting disease modifying agents after clinically isolated syndrome delays the onset of MS, but these studies remains controversial. There have been arguments whether or not to start disease modifying agents after a clinically isolated syndrome. Those who support the start of these agent following diagnosis of CIS cite the results of some clinical trials that shows that these drugs reduce the risk of developing to MS by one third. A â€Å" treat all early â€Å" approach have been proposed as best to ensure all people who would go on to developing MS do receive the treatment . The other side of this argument have existing evidence for the disease modifying agent in MS shows only modest short term effectiveness in high risk cases of CIS. Treatment is unnecessary for those who would never gone on to developing MS after CIS. Four large clinical trials have been conducted to determine whether early treatment following an episode of CIS can delay the 2nd clinical episode, and therefore the diagnosis of clinically definite MS 5.1 Controlled High-Risk Subjects Avonex MS Prevention Study (CHAMPS) The goals of the study are: The early induction interferon beta-1a (AVENOX ) treatment can delay the 2nd episode of demyelination which in turn can signal definite MS If the treatment would have any benefits on MRI detected brain lesions. Subjects have in this study had experienced a single episode of isolated neurological event suggesting demyelination and had multiple clinically silent MRI lesions, which they represent a high risk for a second neurological attack (definite MS) (40, 41). The results indicated that AVENOX (interferon beta-1a) had significantly delay the 2nd neurological attack, and MRI finding showed that AVENOX can decrease the volume of brain lesions and as well as fewer lesions . Based on this study, the FDA approved that patients with clinically isolated syndrome with MRI detected brain lesions to receive AVENOX .figure(2).(40)(42) Figure (2): impact of interferon beta following first neurological attack Source:https://quo.novartis.com/extavia/images/extavia_EFFICACY1_banner.jpg 5.2 Early Treatment Of MS ( ETOMS ) The goals of the study are: Determine if very low doses of interferon beta 1a (REBIF) delay’s the onset of clinically definite multiple sclerosis in people who experienced only one clinical event but had multiple MRI lesions (43,44). Results indicated that: The group of people who received interferon beta-1a (REBIF) who developed clinically definite MS (34%) is fewer than the group of people receiving placebo (45%) during the period of the study.(45) The number of new lesions has decreased in the treatment group and the demyelination areas is significantlylower.figure(3).(45) Figure (3 ): compression between the groups receiving REBIF and placebo Source:http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/archives/image.cfm?archiveid=100714type=imgname=rebif-01.jpg 5.3 Betaseron In Newly Emerging MS For Initial Treatment (BENEFIT) The goals of the study: Determine if interferon beta-1b can delay the onset of clinically definite MS in subjects with first clinical sign of MS or CIS who are at a high risk for developing MS (46). Results At day 255 of the study, one quarter of the subjects in the placebo group had developed clinically definite MS. In the other hand, it took 618 days for approximately same number of subjects in the treatment group to develop clinically definite MS. (47) After the two years study, it was determined that 28% of the subjects under the treatment group had developed clinically definite MS compared to the 45% of the placebo group (47) The FDA has approved that patients who have experienced CIS and have MRI feature consistent with MS to receive the treatment with Betaseron figure (4). Figure (4): comparison between Betaseron receiving group and placebo group Source:http://www.iodine.com/label-content/261fde67-efb2-4bd7-947e-4f68a56e76ff-c71a5c99d2acf2ddb0e66c9266460f4c.jpg 5.4 The pre-CIS study Study goals Determine the period of time it takes for subjects diagnosed with clinically isolated syndrome receiving glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone ) to develop a second attack that would confirm the diagnosis of definite MS. Results indicated that the group who received glatiramer acetate in comparison with the placebo group, has significantly reduced the risk of developing clinically definite MS. Based on these results, the FDA has indicated to that individuals who have had first clinical episode and MRI feature consistent with MS to receive copaxone as treatment. Based on these trials , it have been approved the necessity of starting treatments as soon as possible for clinically isolated syndrome patients and those who have first clinical episode and MRI evidence suggestive of multiple sclerosis (48). The interferons agents should be used with high cautions by depressed patients or individuals with history of depression because of some evidence indicated that these meds may progress the depression symptoms. In patients with depression the physician should give best possible treatment decision to not worsen the depression episodes and in same time have positive effects in the case of treatment purpose (49). 5.5 Interferon beta medication Avonex (interferon beta- 1a): it has been shown in the previous clinical trials to reduce the frequency of relapses in MS and the number of the new lesions on MRI, and it also reduces the disease progression. It has been also shown that Avonex reduces the risk to develop MS in clinically isolated syndrome at high risk patients. Uses: CIS and relapsing forms of MS (secondary progressive MS). Dosage: 30 micrograms once a week: IM injection. Side effect: flue-like symptoms following the injections, depressions, anemia, elevated liver enzymes and liver toxicity. Betaseron (interferon beta-1b): in the previous clinical trials, betaseron has shown that it reduces the frequency and severity of relapses. In addition, it also showed that it reduces the number of new lesions or even active lesions on MRI. Like Avonex, betaseron have also the ability to delay the onset of MS in people with CIS and has been approved by the FDA for this use specifically.(50) Uses : CIS and relapsing forms of MS ( secondary progressive MS ) Dosage : 250 micrograms once every two days : subcutaneous injection Side effects: flue like symptoms after injections, injection site reaction, depression, elevated liver enzymes and low white blood cells counts. Rebif (interferon beta-1a): has shown to reduce the frequency, relapses and the number of new / active lesions on MRI. Like avonex and betaseron, rebif has demonstrated that it can delay the onset of MS in patients with CIS. But, unfortunately it have not been approved by the FDA for this use yet. (51) Uses : CIS and relapsing forms of MS ( secondary progressive MS ) Dosage: 20 micrograms every day : subcutaneous injection Side effects: flue like symptoms after injections, injection site reaction, depression, elevated liver enzymes and low white blood cells counts. Copaxone (glatiramer acetate): in addition to interferon beta drugs, Copaxone has shown to reduce frequency of relapses and the number of new/active lesions on MRI scan. It’s been used in relapsing remitting type of multiple sclerosis. Until the present, the mode of action have not been discovered. Some theories have been suggested but no scientifically proven theory is discovered.(51) Uses : CIS and relapsing remitting forms of MS Dosage 44 micrograms 3 times a week : subcutaneous injection Side effects: injection site reactions, a reaction after injection, anxiety, chest tightness, dyspnea and flushing. In conclusions, there is no definite treatment of multiple sclerosis or clinically isolated syndrome in the presence of demyelination of the central nerve system. But, reducing the amount of the lesions, frequency of the episodes and prolonging the period of developing MS in high risk patient is the goals we are looking for. CIS can be difficult to diagnose or to determine whether or not to start the treatment, and the physician may find a hard time to find the best decision in these cases keeping in mind that the sooner the beginning of the treatment the less progressive the disease is (52). 5.6 Prevention Given to the heterogeneous etiological factors and often idiopathic characteristic of CIS, there are no clear means of prevention exists. In postinfectious patients with CIS, prevention of the infection is the best means of prevention. In acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, almost 70% of cases are associated with infections and 5% (approximately) with vaccination. acute disseminated encephalomyelitis rates are estimated with 1.5 per millions (2 per million) in association with live measles vaccine compared to 1 in 1000 risk of postinfectious ADE with measles infections, suggesting that vaccines may decrease the risk of post infection complications. Unfortunately, vaccines are not available for all bacteria and viruses (53).

societhf Images of Nature and Society in Chapter 19 of Huckleberry Fin

Images of Nature and Society in Chapter 19 of Huckleberry Finn   Ã‚   In Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain creates a strong opposition between the freedom of Huck and Jim's life on the raft drifting down the Mississippi River, which represents "nature," and the confining and restrictive life on the shore, which represents "society." Early in the novel, Huck describes how much he dislikes his life with the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson, who try to "sivilize" (1) him. He says "it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal and regular and decent the widow was in all her ways" (1). Huck wants to be free from the Widow's and Miss Douglas's rules and routines, and sees travel and mobility as his escape route. He tells the reader that when "I couldn't stand it no longer, I lit out" (1), and that "All I wanted was to go somewheres; all I wanted was a change" (2).    At the beginning of Chapter 19, Twain offers a long descriptive passage of Huck and Jim's life on the raft that seems, at first glance, to celebrate the idyllic freedom symbolized by the river and nature. The episode occurs immediately after the Grangerford episode, where both Huck and Jim were trapped--Jim in his hiding place in the swamp, and Huck in the absurd cycle of violence of the Grangerford's feud with the Shepherdsons. Now free to drift aimlessly down the river, Huck and Jim seem to escape the confining and destructive social world on the shore and return to nature. A close reading of this passage, however, shows that the river is not a privileged natural space outside of and uncontaminated by society, but is inextricably linked to the social world on the shore, which itself has positive value for Huck. I... ...e various signs of society's presence on the river seem at first to suggest contamination and corruption, by the end of this section we can see them as valuable and lovely in their own right. The steamboat's sparks are just as beautiful and awe-inspiring as the stars in the sky.    Works Cited Harris, Susan K. "Huck Finn." Huck Finn. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 1990.   Mitchell, Lee Clark. "The Authority of Language in Huckleberry Finn." New Essays on Huckleberry Finn. Ed. Louis J. Budd. New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 1985. Trachtenberg, Alan. "The Form of Freedom in Huckleberry Finn." Huck Finn. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishing. 1990. Whitley, John S. "Kid's Stuff: Mark Twain's Boys." Huck Finn. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishing. 1990.   

Struggle to Cope with Death in Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night Es

Struggle to Cope with  Death in Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night Poetry requires more than just a verse.   It must appeal to your mind and generate emotion.   It should be constructed in a way that appears so simple, yet is intricate in every detail.   Dylan Thomas's poem, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night is a brilliant poem that appears so simple, yet upon looking closer it's complexity can be seen.   Dylan Thomas was born on October 27, 1914 in Swansea, Wales.   He was educated at Swansea Grammar School.   He was urged by his father to go farther in his education, however Thomas began to write.   He published his first book in 1934.   Thomas and his father had a very close relationship throughout his life.   This is important to know while reading the poem Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night.   His father was very ill for many years, and Thomas had to watch his father's suffering.   Thomas has said, "Poetry comforts and heals".   Hopefully that is what Thomas was doing when he wrote this poem.   The structure of the poem is a villanelle.   The villanelle comes from the French middle ages and is composed of nineteen lines.   It has five tercets and a concluding quatrain:   ABA-ABA-ABA-ABA-ABA-ABAA.   Two different lines are repeated.   Lines one, six, twelve, and eighteen are all the same.   Line three reappears in line nine fifteen and nineteen.   Each tercet will conclude with an exact or very close duplication of line one or three.   The final quatrain repeats line one and three.   The villanelle is one of the most difficult forms of poetry to follow.   Perhaps Thomas wanted to use this form to show how special his father meant to him.   Dylan Thomas speaks of death throughout this poem.   Death is the major theme of the vil... ...ther should be traveling into the light, and not into the darkness.   Thomas should not be scared of death, yet he questions it in most of his poetry.   He is angry at death and believes that the only place with light is in this world.   He may be saying that light is life.   Life is happiness.   Is death then age and unhappiness?  Ã‚   The last quatrain of this Villanelle describes his father on top of the list of men facing death.   Thomas curses himself for wanting his father to fight even though he sees his suffering, yet he is not ready to let go of his father.   He begs his father to fight death.   This whole poem is Thomas's struggle to cope with his father's death.   He writes the poem while his father is still alive and never shows it to him.   This poem may have helped him to deal with his father's death, and it may have taught Thomas a little about death itself.   

Practical Book Review

GUIDELINES FOR THE Practical Book Review By [Your Name] Student ID: [type ID w/out brackets] Presented to [Dr. Professor’s Name] In partial fulfillment of the requirements of Introduction to Pastoral Counseling PACO 500 Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Lynchburg, VA PRACTICAL BOOK REVIEW [ONE]: [AUTHOR’S LAST NAME] My Summation Communication is a tremendously important part of the human experience. Any effort to improve one’s skills is valuable. Most people think they listen well when having a conversation, but the reality is that most people walk away from a conversation feeling unheard, misunderstood, and disconnected.Petersen uses real world experiences to teach the reader how to handle difficult situations and people. In Petersen’s concept, improvement in listening skills will result in an overall improvement in relationships. Peterson describes the flat brain syndrome in his book. Stomach functions consist of people’s emotions or feelings – those inner nudges that let people know when they’re uncomfortable, happy, excited, interested, attracted, irritable, angry, resentful, frustrated, and curious. Feelings are people’s internal responses to the world around them, to what they’re thinking, and to their bodies.Heart functions give and receive concerns, suggestions, and support. They are ready to consider many options and possibilities. Healthy hearts recognize that people don’t possess â€Å"the whole truth,† but are confident both in owning their views and remaining open to the views of others. The head functions incorporate thinking, planning, remembering, reviewing, deciding, and rationalizing. Petersen points out that a correct understanding of these relationships can make the difference when it comes to lessening conflicts.A unbalanced blend of either too much brain or too much stomach creates flat-brained syndrome where it is all emotion and no thought, or the flat-brain tango, all thought with no emotion. The Talker-Listener Process is the key to creating an environment where two or more people can talk and listen to each other. This promotes a healthy communication atmosphere. The Talker Listener Card, (TLC), can help those who want to improve their ability to interact with others and communicate better. This is especially true for the listening aspect of the relationship.Peterson explains that if we would all go back to our kid-learned skill of taking turns, communication , or speaking vs. listening, would be better achieved. We should focus on listening to one person’s point of view at one time to establish feeling heard, feeling safe, and feeling understood. This will also directly lead to feeling more of a human connection and thus broadening our relationships with others. The TLC helps this process because it allows for each person (the talker and listener) to roll play while having the conversation. Each has a part to play and respon sibilities to take on.The TLC simply states these roles to help remind one what to do. Peterson moves on to explain the way people communicate, especially when asking questions. He refers to this process as similar to being in a courtroom. The way people ask questions makes a huge difference in the outcomes of the questions. People tend to ask questions in a way that sort of guides ones thinking when answering instead of just getting to the point and saying what one really feels. If people would just come out and say what they are feeling, relationships would be better off according to Peterson.Peterson continues to outline several listening techniques. The art of listening has to be practiced in order to succeed. One must first provide a safe place or environment for the talker in order to promote peace and safety. After this is established, the goal is to really listen and understand what the talker is trying to say. Also, clarifying the problem for the talker is very important in order to fully comprehend the situation and how to effectively listen and respond to the talker. In the final process, Petersen puts it all together to examples how to use the process of talking and listening effectively.He gives examples of how to use his theory of â€Å"Flat Brained Syndrome† to overcome issues and people with the syndrome. In the end, he shows you how to become a person that good things happen to due to having great communication skills. My Reflection My Investigation My Application The most crucial element after reading this book is the practical application that one would start to incorporate into their life. I have learned now that I am more committed to becoming an actual listener instead of being a talker. Too often am I getting caught up in the notion that my ideas are somehow more important than those that I am listening to.Peterson said, â€Å"Listen first (and longer) and then, talk second† (125). Peterson has given me methods of becoming a better listener, which in turn will enrich my relationships with people. I will use the skills that are outlined in chapter eighteen to improve the way I listen. I will do this process slowly in order to ensure a more successful outcome by starting with one or two skills first and then moving onto another skill once the preceeding skill was mastered. As a future minister, the ability to really listen is going to be a crucial aspect.One important skill that I need to incorporate first is my ability to repeat accurately what the speaker is trying to say. I have a tendency to take what others say and rephrase it while putting my own twist on it. Peterson says that this is common. In giving feedback, listeners routinely alter the content of what other people say (Peterson 2007). I did not realize how important this is to the listener until Peterson pointed it out. The point is that most people do not seek advice to solve a problem. Most people have the ability to solve problems on the ir own but need a sounding board to bounce thoughts off of when finding a solution.In order to successfully help people as a minister, I must work on my communication skills from here on out. I will improve on being more direct with my words and thoughts so that the talking time that I do have will be more goal oriented and satisfying. I will also learn how to become a better listener. Listening to people and their feelings or thoughts is one of my main concerns when it comes to giving people the proper soul care they deserve from a minister. Peterson’s book has only helped me discover ways to put this into practice. References